The effect of level of feeding on acetate tolerance in the sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

Intravenous acetate tolerance tests were conducted on sheep offered chopped lucerne hay at six levels of intake, a ground and pelleted mixture of lucerne hay, maize, and peanut meal at two levels, and a low quality roughage ad libitum. The rate of disappearance of acetate injected intravenously increased with increase in the levels of both feed intake and digestible energy intake. There was no difference between diets in the rate of disappearance when the diets provided similar amounts of digestible energy. Changes in rate of disappearance occurred within 7 days of changes in level of feeding. It was concluded that care should be exercised in interpreting differences between diets in acetate tolerance when the diets provide widely differing quantities of digestible energy.

Effects of dietary maize level on net flux across splanchnic tissues of oxygen and nutrients in wethers consuming ad libitum different forages

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Goetsch ◽  
C. L. Ferrell
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Hepatic Uptake ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Recycling ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Net Flux ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Concentrate Level

AbstractCrossbred wethers (34 (s.e. 0·9) kg), with catheters in a hepatic vein, the portal vein and a mesenteric vein and artery, were offered ad libitum alfalfa (A), bermudagrass (B) or ryegrass-wheat (RW) hay and approximately 0, 200 or 400 g/kg maize (dry matter) to determine influences of maize level on net flux of oxygen and nutrients across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver with different forage sources. Digestible energy intake (MJ/day) was 8·5, 12·0 and 12·8 (s.e. VIS) for A; 4·5, 5·5 and 9·0 (s.e. 0·93) for B; and 9·4, 8·8 and 12·2 (s.e. 0·93) for RW with 0, 200 and 400 g/kg maize, respectively. Splanchnic bed oxygen consumption (mmol/h) was 301, 304 and 322 (s.e. 27·2) for A; 178, 187 and 217 (s.e. 30·0) for B; and 226, 133 and 233 (s.e. 19·0) for RW with 0, 200 and 400 g/kg maize, respectively. Increasing dietary maize level linearly increased (P < 0·05) PDV release of alpha-amino nitrogen with B (5, 9 and 14 mmol/h) but not with A or RW. Dietary maize level did not consistently alter PDV or hepatic net flux of urea or ammonia nitrogen, suggesting that changes in ruminally fermentable organic matter from diets offered ad libitum, presumably induced by varying dietary concentrate level, may not alter nitrogen recycling when forage is 86 g/kg or greater in crude protein. Propionate release by the PDV and hepatic uptake increased linearly (P < 0·08) as maize level in A and B diets increased, although increasing dietary maize level did not significantly alter PDV, hepatic or splanchnic bed net flux of glucose regardless of forage source. Nevertheless, glucose concentration in arterial blood with A and RW increased linearly fP < 0·05) with increasing maize level, suggesting increased peripheral glucose availability. In conclusion, the potential to decrease energy consumption by splanchnic tissues relative to digestible energy intake by dietary inclusion of maize, thereby increasing the proportion of absorbed energy available to extra-splanchnic tissues, may be greater for low-quality forage than for forage of moderate or high quality and for moderate v. low dietary levels of maize with low-quality forage.

The influence of feeding level from 20 to 45 kg live weight on the performance and body composition of female and entire male pigs

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTForty-two pigs representing equal numbers of entire males and females were used to study the effects on the performance and body composition of four restricted levels of feeding (14·5, 20·3, 24·9 and 29·4 MJ digestible energy per day), and of offering the same diet (14·5 MJ digestible energy per kg and 210 g crude protein per kg) ad libitum between 20 and 45 kg live weight.Over the four restricted feeding treatments there were no significant differences between the sexes for the performance and body composition of four restricted levels of feeding (14·5, 20·3, 24·9 and 29·4 MJ digestible energy per day), and of offering the same diet (14·5 MJ digestible energy per kg and 210 g crude protein per kg) ad libitum between 20 and 45 kg live weight.Although ad libitum energy intake was the same for both sexes (34·2 MJ digestible energy per day), raising digestible energy intake from that provided by the highest restricted feeding treatment (29·4 MJ/day) to ad libitum resulted in marked differences between the sexes for performance and body composition.For males, raising digestible energy intake from 29·3 to 34·2 MJ/day improved the rate of live-weight gain and protein deposition by 0·15 and 0·10 respectively but had no further effect on food conversion ratio or body fat. The same increase in digestible energy intake for females improved growth rate by only 0·065, had no further effect on the rate of protein deposition but increased markedly food conversion ratio and body fat.

The effect of reducing energy intake through feed intake restriction on the performance of weaned barrows when amino acid intake declines either in direct proportion to energy or at a reduced rate

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Oresanya ◽  
A. D. Beaulieu ◽  
J. F. Patience
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Direct Proportion ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Acid Intake ◽  
Amino Acid Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Reduced Rate

Amino acid intake declined either in constant proportion to energy or at a reduced rate when feed intake treatments represented 100, 70, 60 or 50% of ad libitum. Amino acid intake affected feed conversion, and energy and lysine utilization (P < 0.05). Energy studies involving feed restriction may be confounded by amino acid supply. Key words: Pigs, energy intake, amino acid intake

Factors affecting voluntary feed intake in pigs. 3. The effect of a period of feed restriction, nutrient density of the diet and sex on intake, performance and carcass characteristics

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
J. E. Duckworth ◽  
W. Holmes ◽  
A. Cuthbertson
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Low Energy Diet

1. Over the weight range 23–50 kg live weight, pigs were fed either ad libitum or to a restricted scale. From 59 to 91 kg live weight, eight pairs of barrows and eight pairs of gilts were fed on each of two diets varying in nutrient density. The effects of feed restriction, nutrient density of the diet and sex on voluntary feed intake, performance and carcass characteristics were studied.2. Pigs which had been restricted grew more slowly and contained less fat and more lean at 50 kg live weight.3. When restricted pigs were offered feed ad libitum from 59 to 91 kg live weight they ate more and had higher daily intakes of digestible energy than pigs liberally fed in early life.4. There was evidence of compensatory growth in pigs which had received the restricted diet, but there was no significant difference in feed utilization between restricted and ad libitum pigs. It was concluded that the compensatory growth was largely the result of increased appetite.5. Pigs finally fed on a low energy diet, in comparison with those on a high energy diet, ate more feed but less digestible energy indicating that appetite was physically limited. Efficiency of conversion of digestible energy to live weight was similar on both treatments. A higher proportion of acetic acid was produced in the caecum of pigs fed the low energy diet. Pigs receiving the low energy diet had lower killing-out percentages not entirely caused by differences in the weight of the gut and its contents. The carcasses of pigs on the low energy diet were leaner than those on the high energy diet.6. Barrows consumed more digestible energy per day than gilts, required more feed and digestible energy per unit live-weight gain, had lower killing-out percentages, shorter carcasses, larger backfat measurements and smaller eye-muscle areas as estimated by A × B measurements. Barrow carcasses contained less dissected lean and more fat than gilts' carcasses.7. The results are discussed in relation to other work and it is concluded that voluntary feed intake is influenced by the nutrient density of the diet and the level of energy requirement of the pig, which may be affected by previous nutritional history.

Factors affecting voluntary feed intake in pigs. I. The effect of digestible energy content of the diet on the intake of castrated male pigs housed in holding pens and in metabolism crates

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
J. E. Duckworth ◽  
W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
The Difference

1. The voluntary feed intakes of pigs fed on diets having calculated digestible energy contents of 2,970, 3,356, 3,630 and 3,910 kcal/kg. dry matter were measured over four periods from 38 to 105 kg. live-weight.2. The pigs achieved similar daily digestible energy intakes regardless of the digestible energy content of the diet.3. When housed in metabolism crates pigs ate less than when housed in holding pens and the difference was greater than would be expected solely from the reduced exercise of the pigs in crates.4. Daily digestible energy intake was 575 kcal/kg. live-weight 0.675 when the pigs were in holding pens. The daily digestible energy intake of pigs in metabolism crates increased less with live-weight.5. The use of metabolism crates to obtain digestibility coefficients and values for nitrogen retention to be applied to animals housed under other conditions is discussed in relation to the differences found in apparent digestibility coefficients, feed intake and growth rates between pigs in crates and in holding pens.

INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NUTRIENT DENSITY, LEVEL OF FEED INTAKE AND WEANING AGE ON YOUNG PIGS. I. PERFORMANCE AND BODY COMPOSITION

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1093-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. O. BALL ◽  
F. X. AHERNE
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Density Level ◽  
Normal Density ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Dietary Nutrient ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Ad Libitum

The performance and final body composition of 128 pigs weaned at either 3 or 4 wk of age and receiving either a normal density (ND) or high density (HD) diet ad libitum or restricted (85% of ad libitum) was determined over a 28-d period. Pigs weaned at 4 wk consumed more feed (P < 0.001) and grew faster (P < 0.005) than those weaned at 3 wk, but body weights at a similar age were not different. The HD diet supported greater gains (P < 0.01) and gain to feed (G:F) ratio (P < 0.005) than the ND diet. Restricting feed intake reduced gains (P < 0.001) and improved G:F ratio (P < 0.05). Interaction effects showed that performance of pigs weaned at 4 wk was less affected by nutrient density and feed restriction than that of pigs weaned at 3 wk of age. Pigs weaned at 4 wk had heavier carcasses at the end of the 28-d period than those weaned at 3 wk but there was no difference in percent water, fat or protein. Nutrient density did not affect body composition. However, restricted feeding increased percent water (P < 0.05), reduced percent fat (P < 0.05) and increased percent protein on a dry matter basis (P < 0.02). A significant interaction between weaning age and level of feed intake showed that restricting the intake of pigs weaned at 4 wk reduced fat deposition more than when intake was restricted for pigs weaned at 3 wk of age (P < 0.05). An interaction between diet, intake level and sex (P < 0.01) showed that even in young pigs, barrows tend to fatten more than gilts when energy intake is adequate and less when energy intake is restricted. Key words: Pigs, weaning, nutrient density, body composition, performance

scholarly journals Net flux of nutrients across splanchnic tissues in wethers consuming grasses of different sources and physical forms ad libitum

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 769-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L. Goetsch ◽  
A. R. Patil ◽  
D.L. Galloway ◽  
B. Kouakou ◽  
Z.S. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
N Release ◽  
Net Flux ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference

Crossbred sheep (n 16,8·5 months of age and 33 (SE 0·9) kg) were used in a 21 d experiment (2x2 factorial) to determine effects on net flux of nutrients across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver of ad libitum consumption of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon; B) v. ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)-wheat (Triticum aestivum; RW) hay, coarsely chopped (CC) or finely ground and pelleted (GP). Crude protein concentrations were 86, 81, 113 and 119g/kg and neutral-detergent fibre concentrations were 710, 688, 654 and 672 g/kg (dry matter basis) for B-CC, B-GP, RW-CC and RW-GP respectively. Digestible energy intake (6.0,9.6·, 10·2 and 13·8 W/d) Mered (P < 0·01) with grass source and form, and digestible N intake values were 4·4, 7·0, 8·4 and 14.1 (SEM 0·82) g/d for B-CC, B-GP, RW-CC and RW-GP diets respectively. Consumption of O2 by the PDV (118,165,144 and 155mmol/h) and splanchnic bed (196,273,247 and 266 mmollh for B-CC, B-GP, RW-CC and RW-GP respectively) was greater (P=O·O7) for GP than for CC. The ratio splanchnic heat energy production: digestible energy intake was greater (P=0·06) for B than for RW (0·374,0·300,0·278 and 0·219 for B.CC, B-GP, RW-CC and RW-GP respectively). α-Amino-N release by the PDV (P< 0·01; 11·6, 12·8, 23·0 and 18·7 mmoyh) and uptake by the liver (P=0·07; 15·2, 6·1, 17·0 and 19·3 mmol/h for B-CC, B-GP, RW-CC and RW-GP respectively) were greater for RW than for B. Release of NH3-N by the PDV was greater (P=O·02) for CC than for GP (12·5, 6·2, 15·7 and 8·9 mmol/h), and hepatic urea-N release differed between grass sources (P=O·O3) and physical forms (P=0·07; 22·6, 12·7, 31·4 and mmol/h for B-CC, B-GP, RW-CC and RW-GP respectively). In conclusion, decreases in forage particle size elicited by grinding and pelleting did not affect the difference between grass sources in splanchnic tissue heat energy production relative to digestible energy intake.

scholarly journals Effects of feeding varying dietary crude protein and digestible energy concentrations on performance of pigs raised in a humid tropical environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-40
Author(s):  
O. M. Oyeleke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Levels

This paper aims at investigating relationships and effects of varying protein and energy levels on growth performance, efficiency of feed conversion and efficiency of nutrient utilization of weanling pigs fed from of 9 to 60kg. A total of one hundred and twenty weanling pigs weighing ± 9kg were allotted randomly to sixteen groups of eight pigs each. for females and four castrated males in a 4x 4factorial design. The sixteen diets consist of four digestible energy levels (3,000: 3300: 3,600 and 3,900 kcal/kg) and four crude protein levels (18; 21: 24 and 27%). The pigs were fed these experimental diets until they attained a predetermined liveweight of 60 +1.5 kg. The effects of the varying crude protein and digestible energy were studied on growth and performance parameters Neither protein nor energy levels significantly affected daily feed intake, but significantly decreased daily feed intake at 27protein level. Daily protein intake was influenced by protein intake and digestible energy intake was also significantly influenced by digestible energy intake. There were no significant interactions between protein and energy levels with respect to feed intake and intake of protein and energy Energy but no protein levels significantly influenced rate of live weight gain. Feed conversion efficiency (FEC) was highly (P 0.001) influenced by energy but not protein levels. In both sexes, females and castrated males, increasing dietary levels of protein and energy resulted in improved efficiency of feed utilization within protein levels but there were significant differences between the two highest energy levels for castrated males and within the diets with 3.300, 3.600 and 3.900 kcal/DE/kg for the females. When high protein levels were combined with high energy levels feed intakes were depressed only on the 279% protein level. Feed conversion efficiency was maximized on the diet with 21 and 249% protein levels with appreciable sex diferences, with female pigs requiring more protein than males. Digestible Energy range of 3,300 and 3,600 kcalkg would be adequate for maximum gain and efficiency of feed utilization in pigs under the humid tropical environment tropical. Feed to gain ratio, a very important economic index should be an important index of the quality of any diet for promoting growth. 

Economic values of traits for pig improvement. I. A simulation model

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
MT Skorupski ◽  
DJ Garrick ◽  
HT Blair ◽  
WC Smith
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Economic Values ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ad Libitum

A computer model simulating life cycle production of a breeding sow and growth performance of her offspring was developed to estimate economic values of reproduction and growth performance traits. A biological growth model, simulating the digestion and metabolism of dietary nitrogen in growing pigs (20 to 85 kg), was part of the life cycle model. The growth model was based on the linear/plateau relationship between daily protein deposition and digestible energy intake. A farrow-to-finish production system, with slaughter pigs marketed at fixed liveweights, was simulated. Input variables were: gilt age at first oestrus, weaning to oestrus interval, number of pigs born alive per litter, and pre-weaning mortality for each parity. Economic inputs included prices of feed ingredients, carcass returns and non-feed costs. The upper limit to body protein deposition rate, mean daily ad libitum digestible energy intake and minimum lipid to protein deposition ratio were assumed the major genetic determinants of pig growth. The model output included average daily gain, ad libitum daily feed intake, backfat thickness, and life cycle reproductive performance and profit. The combined life cycle profit was expressed in the form of an Annualized Present Value. Life cycle profit was calculated for a range of simulated pig genotypes.

Effect of level of water intake on water, energy and nitrogen balance and thyroxine secretion in sheep and goats

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 441 ◽  
Author(s):  
T More ◽  
B Howard ◽  
BD Siebert
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Additional Water ◽  
Ad Libitum

Sheep and goats fed on a diet of oaten chaff were subjected to a 50% reduction and a 50-70% increase in their water intake. Measurements were made of water, energy and nitrogen balance and thyroxine secretion rate. Water restriction decreased feed intake by 25%, but in a lesser proportion than expected from the ad libitum feed to water relationship. This effect was achieved by a reduction in the concentration of water in faeces and by the evaporation of less water. When additional water was given, there was a 10% reduction in feed intake associated with a loss of nitrogen brought about by an increase in urine volume. Again less water was evaporated than expected under this treatment. Thyroxine secretion rate was positively related to energy intake.

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