CHANGES IN AMMONIA CONCENTRATION, BACTERIAL COUNTS, pH AND VOLATILE FATTY ACID CONCENTRATION IN RUMEN OF COWS FED ALFALFA HAY OR CONCENTRATE: UREA-CORN SILAGE

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. MAHADEVAN ◽  
F. D. SAUER ◽  
J. D. ERFLE ◽  
R. M. TEATHER ◽  
P. M. MORSE
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Nutritional Studies ◽  
Concentrate Urea

Four rumen-fistulated cows were fed alfalfa hay (15.4% CP) ad libitum for 4 wk prior to the experiment and from day 1 to day 8 of the experiment. From days 9 to 15 (period 2) and from days 16 to 39 (period 3) they were fed ad libitum concentrate: urea-corn silage (15.9% CP). Rumen fluid samples were collected from 0600 to 1600 h during the three periods and changes in the pH, concentrations of ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFA) and bacterial counts were determined. Ammonia, pH and VFA concentrations showed oscillatory behavior even on an ad libitum feeding schedule. Rates of production and utilization of ammonia were significantly higher with the concentrate: urea-corn silage diet than with the hay diet. VFA concentration and pH were inversely related. Periods of high VFA production coincided with periods of rapid ammonia utilization. The evidence indicated that there was a metabolic adaptation in the rumen for better utilization of ammonia. Concentrations of amino acids and peptides were nearly 1 mM in the rumen fluid throughout the day and increased to 3 mM immediately after feeding. Most of the increases were due to alanine, leucine and aspartic acid. It is concluded that the practice in nutritional studies of measuring and reporting rumen ammonia, VFA and pH only once at one time point in an experiment or even the mean of several determinations does not adequately represent the complex metabolic changes in the rumen. Key words: rumen, ammonia, fermentation, pH, adaptation, amino acids

scholarly journals Substituting corn silage with reconstituted forage or nonforage fiber sources in the starter diets of Holstein calves: effects on performance, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolites

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 3046-3055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahryar Kargar ◽  
Meysam Kanani ◽  
Marzia Albenzio ◽  
Mariangela Caroprese
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration

Abstract We examined the effects of replacing corn silage (CS) with reconstituted alfalfa hay (AH) or beet pulp (BP) in the starter diet on the nutrient intake and digestibility, growth performance, rumen fermentation characteristics, selected blood metabolites, and health status in Holstein dairy calves. Newborn female calves (n = 54; 3 d of age; 39.8 ± 1.36 kg BW) were assigned randomly to 3 groups receiving starter diets containing CS [10% dry matter (DM) basis; CS diet) and reconstituted AH (10% DM, RAH diet) or BP (10% DM; RBP diet). The starter diets had the same nutrient composition and DM content. The calves were weaned on day 50 and the study continued until day 70. Nutrient intake, body weight (at weaning and at the end of the study), daily weight gain, feed efficiency, and body measurements (including heart girth, withers height, body length, body barrel, hip height, and hip width) were not affected by the diet (P > 0.05). Health-related variables including rectal temperature, fecal score, and general appearance score were not influenced by the diets (P > 0.05). During the postweaning period, apparent total tract digestibility of DM, organic matter, and crude protein were higher for RBP (P = 0.001); however, digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was lower in RAH compared with CS or RBP (P = 0.001). Daily amount of nutrient digestibility did not change across the diets (P > 0.05). Rumen fluid pH and total volatile fatty acid concentration and profile were not different across the diets after weaning (P > 0.05). Calves fed RAH or RBP had higher blood concentration of β-hydroxy butyric acid compared with CS only before weaning (P = 0.03). Blood albumin concentration was higher for RBP compared with CS or RAH during the preweaning (P = 0.006) and overall (P = 0.005) periods; however, it was lower for CS compared with RBP after weaning (P = 0.03). Concentration of other blood variables including glucose, blood urea N, total protein, and globulin did not change across the diets (P > 0.05). Calves, in general, were healthy, and replacing CS with RAH or RBP in the starter diet had no beneficial effect on their feed intake or growth performance indicating that CS and reconstituted AH or BP can be used interchangeably in dairy calf starter diets until 70 d of age, allowing dairy producers more choices in selecting the feed ingredients.

EFFECT OF BARLEY SUPPLEMENT TO THE RATION OF DONOR ANIMALS USED IN IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY DETERMINATION

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. CALDER
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Ad Libitum

Rumen fluid from two sheep was used to determine in vitro dry matter digestibilities of 25 samples each from alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa L.) and barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.). The sheep were fed either a good quality hay ad libitum and 1 kg rolled barley per day, or only the hay ad libitum, in a switchback design. The in vitro dry matter digestibilities of both alfalfa hay and barley were lower (P < 0.01) when the donor animal was fed hay and barley than when fed only hay.

COMPARISON OF WILTED-ALFALFA SILAGE AND ALFALFA HAY PRESERVED WITH PROPIONIC ACID IN CORN-SILAGE-BASED DIETS FOR MILKING COWS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 801-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. ATWAL ◽  
J. D. ERFLE
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Fiber Diet ◽  
Alfalfa Silage

Thirty cows (9 uniparous and 21 multiparous) were fed three diets during weeks 5–16 of lactation. The dietary ingredients were adjusted weekly to reflect their oven dry matter (DM). The control diet was a low-fiber diet containing urea-treated corn silage (UCS), well-dried alfalfa hay and buffered concentrate (525:125:350 DM basis). The two test diets contained corn silage and either wilted-alfalfa silage (WAS) or alfalfa hay treated with propionic acid (PAH) and concentrate (300:300:400 DM basis). For the three blended diets, acid detergent fiber (169, 195 and 212 g kg−1 DM) and digestible energy (12.73, 12.50 and 12.25 MJ kg−1 DM) were different (P < 0.05). The crude protein content of the WAS diet was higher (P < 0.05) than that of the PAH diet (164 vs. 154 g kg−1 DM). Average DM intakes (21.8, 22.5 and 21.2 kg d−1) and solids-corrected milk yields (26.9, 27.9 and 26.6 kg d−1) were similar for the three treatments. Also there was no treatment effect (P > 0.05) on milk composition and acetate/propionate ratios of rumen fluid. Thus WAS and PAH diets supported similar production and equalled the low fiber control diet. Key words: Lactation, urea, corn silage, alfalfa, wilted silage, propionic acid treatment.

Duodenal flow of nitrogen following protozoal inoculation of fauna-free sheep fed a diet supplemented with casein or soybean meal

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 793-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivan ◽  
M. Hidiroglou ◽  
H. V. Petit
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Mixed Population ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Insoluble Protein ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Supplemental Protein ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

Fauna-free sheep, equipped with a rumen cannula and a duodenal re-entrant cannula, were fed a corn silage diet supplemented with casein (CA diet) or soybean meal (SBM diet). Eighteen days later the sheep were inoculated via the rumen cannula with a mixed population of ciliate protozoa. Rumen fluid and duodenal digesta were sampled for 4 d before the inoculation and for 13 d following the inoculation. A stable protozoal population was established within 8 d. Protozoa increased (P < 0.05) the digestion of organic matter in the stomach of sheep fed both the CA and the SBM diet, but the effects of supplemental protein and protein × protozoa interaction were not significant (P > 0.05). The stomach digestion of acid detergent fibre was not affected (P > 0.05) by protozoa or by the source of supplementary protein, but the protein × protozoa interaction was significant (P < 0.05). The disappearance of nitrogen from the stomach was lower (P < 0.01) for the SBM diet than for the CA diet and was increased (P < 0.05) for both diets in the presence of protozoa, but the effect of protein × protozoa interaction was not significant (P > 0.05). The ruminal presence of protozoa decreased the flow from the stomach of individual amino acids (from P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) and of nonammonia nitrogen (P < 0.05). However, the decreases were greater (from P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) for the CA diet than for the SBM diet, but the effects of protein × protozoa interaction were not significant (P > 0.05). The ruminal presence of protozoa increased (P < 0.05) the flow from the stomach of ammonia-N for SBM diet but not for CA diet. The effects of protein and of protein × protozoa interaction were not significant (P > 0.05). It was concluded that although ruminal protozoa do not metabolize casein, their effect of decreasing amino acid flow from the stomach can be greater for diets containing casein (soluble protein) as protein supplement than for those containing soybean meal (insoluble protein). Key words: Duodenal flow, nitrogen, protozoa, casein, soybean meal, sheep

Whole wheat grain feeding of lambs. I. Production responses to mineral buffer supplements

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
WR McManus ◽  
ML Bigham ◽  
GB Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Ad Libitum

Thirty-nine crossbred lambs off pasture and weighing about 27 kg were group-fed on lucerne chaff and whole wheat grain ad libitum in yards over a 3-week adaptation period. All animals were then offered whole wheat grain plus 1½% ground limestone ad libitum for 19 weeks. Addition of mineral buffer supplements of 1/1 Na2HPO4 and NaHCO3 (buffer I), or a 1/1/1/1 mixture of Na2HPO4, NaHCO3, KHCO3, and CaHPO4 (buffer II) as 2% of the grain offered, resulted over the 22-week experimental period in significantly better food intakes and liveweight gains and decreased food conversion ratios as compared with those shown by control sheep fed on wheat grain and limestone (P < 0.01). Buffer supplements significantly raised the rumen pH above values for control animals (P < 0.01), decreased the total rumen volatile fatty acid concentration(P < 0.05), and lowered the proportion of acetic acid and increased that of propionic acid (P < 0.05). Caproic acid was detected in significant quantities in the rumen fluid of all sheep. Wheat sickness caused the removal of 25% of control sheep fed on wheat grain and limestone; 21% of sheep given buffer I died from a urolithiasis-like condition; no deaths occurred in sheep given buffer II. Administration of 2.5 x l06 i.u. injectible vitamin A to half the animals over the first 10 weeks of the experiment seemed to cause neither benefit nor harm.

Nutritional studies with sheep fed conserved ryegrass. 1. Silage and dried grass offered ad libitum without supplements

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Wernli ◽  
R. J. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nutritional Studies

SummarySilage, dried-grass wafers and dried-grass pellets all prepared from a single crop of perennial ryegrass were given ad libitum as sole diets to six rumen-fistulated wether sheep.Feed intake, intake of digestible nutrients and the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VTA) in the rumen were lowest with silage, highest with pellets and intermediate with wafers. Conversely, digestibility, eating and ruminating time per kg D.M. consumed, rumen pH, the rate of D.M. and cellulose digestion in the rumen and the mean retention time of digesta in the alimentary tract were highest for silage, intermediate for wafers and lowest for pellets. The pattern of rumen fermentation differed significantly between silage and the dried-grass treatments. The rumen fluid contained higher proportions of acetic, iso-butyric, n-valeric and iso-valeric acids, but lower proportions of propionic and n-butyric acids with silage than with dried grass. Differences in rumen. VFA between the two forms of dried grass were small. Nitrogen retention was lowest for the silage treatment and this was associated with a high concentration of ammonia in the rumen.Low nitrogen status with silage could have limited voluntary intake, whereas the difference in intake between the wafer and pellet treatments probably arose from differences in the retention time of digesta in the alimentary tract.

EFFECT OF BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACIDS OR FATTY ACID SUPPLEMENTATION ON IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF BARLEY STRAW OR ALFALFA HAY

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. MIR ◽  
Z. MIR ◽  
J. A. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain

In vitro dry matter digestibilities of ground barley straw or alfalfa hay, supplemented with branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine) or their corresponding fatty acids (isobutyric, isovaleric and 2-methyl butyric acids), at 4% of substrate dry matter were determined. In vitro digestibilities were obtained after incubation in either rumen fluid or rumen fluid followed by pepsin in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid. Urea was added to the branched-chain fatty acid treatments so they were isonitrogenous with the amino acid treatments. Digestibility of barley straw was increased (P < 0.05) by supplementation with all branched-chain fatty acids, when added either alone or in combination in both digestion systems. The greatest increase was from 34.8% for unsupplemented barley straw to 63.1% for barley straw plus all three branched-chain fatty acids. Valine did not improve digestibility of barley straw when incubated with either rumen fluid or rumen fluid followed by pepsin solution. Addition of isoleucine increased digestibility (P < 0.05) of barley straw in both systems, while leucine was effective only when samples were incubated in both rumen fluid and pepsin solution. However, all combinations of amino acids increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of barley straw in both systems. In vitro digestibility of alfalfa hay was increased (P < 0.05) only when valine and leucine were used together in either system. Incubating alfalfa hay in rumen fluid plus pepsin solution increased (P < 0.05) in vitro digestibilites for all treatments. The greatest increase was from 72.8% for control to 89.5% for the treatment receiving a combination of valine and leucine. Key words: In vitro dry matter digestibility, branched-chain amino acids, branched-chain fatty acids, barley straw, alfalfa hay

EVALUATION OF STEAM-TREATED WHEAT STRAW AS A ROUGHAGE SOURCE IN DAIRY COW RATIONS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
W. GUENTER
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Alfalfa Hay

Two experiments were conducted involving a total of 24 Holstein cows to evaluate steam-treated (ST) wheat straw as a roughage source in mixed dairy rations. Diets containing ST straw (exp. 1) at 20 and 30% of the ration dry matter (DM) were consumed in amounts similar to a 30% ground alfalfa hay diet and in greater amounts than a mixed diet with 20% untreated (UT) wheat straw. Cows receiving the diet containing 30% alfalfa hay produced more (P < 0.05) milk per day than the group fed a mixed diet with 20% UT straw, but similar amounts to those cows fed the two ST straw diets. Milk fat (%) was not different (P > 0.05) among the four treatments. Cows fed the diet containing 30% ST straw had a lower (P < 0.05) ruminal fluid acetate: propionate ratio compared with a 20% UT straw mixed diet. In the second experiment, cows receiving a diet containing 30% ST straw plus 30% rolled barley in place of 60% corn silage consumed less (P < 0.05) total DM and produced less 4% fat-corrected milk per day with a depressed (P < 0.05) fat test. Propionic acid level in rumen fluid was elevated (P < 0.05), which lowered the acetate: propionate ratio in ruminal fluid of cows receiving the diet containing 30% ST straw compared to cows receiving the corn silage diet. Data from these studies suggest that up to 20% steam-treated wheat straw (DM basis) could be included in total mixed dairy rations without any appreciable influence on animal performance. However, at higher levels ST wheat straw is a less "effective" fiber or roughage source in dairy rations. Key words: steam-treated, wheat straw, Holstein cows, fat depression, feed consumption, effective fiber

22 Effects of Housing Cow-calf Pairs on Drylots vs Pasture on Calf Performance and Behavior Through Weaning

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 24-24
Author(s):  
Megan Myerscough ◽  
Wes Chapple ◽  
William T Meteer ◽  
Daniel W Shike
Keyword(s):  
Corn Silage ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Fence Line

Abstract The objectives were to analyze the effects of housing cow-calf pairs in drylots or pasture on calf performance and behavior through weaning. Simmental × Angus (2 yr; 108/yr; 81 ± 15.3 d postpartum) spring-calving cows were stratified by age, BW, BCS, and calf sex and allotted to six groups/yr. Groups were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 treatments: drylot (DL) or pasture (PAST). Calves in the drylot had ad libitum access to a diet consisting of corn silage, dried distillers grain, corn stalks, dry rolled corn, and soybean hulls. Calves on PAST received creep feed three weeks prior to weaning. Calf BW was measured on d 0, 55, and 110. Calves were fence-line weaned on d 110. Behavior was observed for two days after weaning. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Drylot calves had greater (P &lt; 0.01) BW at d 55 and 110. There was treatment by time interactions (P &lt; 0.01) for lying and eating on d 111. More PAST calves were lying at h 2 and 3 and eating at h 11 and 12. More DL calves were lying at h 9, 10, 11, and 12. More DL calves were eating at h 2 and tended to at h 3. There was also a treatment by time interaction (P &lt; 0.01) for vocalizations on d 111. More PAST calves vocalized at h 1, however, DL calves vocalized more at h 4 and tended to at h 5. There was treatment by time interactions (P &lt; 0.01) for eating and walking on d 112. More DL calves were eating at h 2, 3, 4, 7, and 9. More PAST calves were walking at h 1 and 2. There was also a treatment by time interaction (P &lt; 0.01) for vocalizations on d 112. More PAST calves vocalized at h 1 and 10. In conclusion, housing cow-calf pairs in drylots improved preweaning performance and altered postweaning behavior.

Dietary protein paradox: decrease of amino acid availability induced by high-protein diets

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (6) ◽  
pp. G1057-G1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Moundras ◽  
C. Remesy ◽  
C. Demigne
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Glutamine Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Serine Dehydratase ◽  
High Protein Diets ◽  
Protein Diets

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of changes in dietary protein level on overall availability of amino acids for tissues. For this purpose, rats were adapted to diets containing various concentrations of casein (7.5, 15, 30, and 60%) and were sampled either during the postprandial or postabsorptive period. In rats fed the protein-deficient diet, glucogenic amino acids (except threonine) tended to accumulate in plasma, liver, and muscles. In rats fed high-protein diets, the hepatic balance of glucogenic amino acids was markedly enhanced and their liver concentrations were consistently depressed. This response was the result of a marked induction of amino acid catabolism (a 45-fold increase of liver threonine-serine dehydratase activity was observed with the 60% casein diet). The muscle concentrations of threonine, serine, and glycine underwent changes parallel to plasma and liver concentrations, and a significant reduction of glutamine was observed. During the postabsorptive period, adaptation to high-protein diets resulted in a sustained catabolism of most glucogenic amino acids, which accentuated the drop in their concentrations (especially threonine) in all the compartments studied. The time course of metabolic adaptation from a 60 to a 15% casein diet has also been investigated. Adaptation of alanine and glutamine metabolism was rapid, whereas that of threonine, serine, and glycine was delayed and required 7-11 days. This was paralleled by a relatively slow decay of liver threonine-serine dehydratase (T-SDH) activity in contrast to the rapid adaptation of pyruvate kinase activity after refeeding a high-carbohydrate diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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