Molasses in early-weaning rations for calves

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (76) ◽  
pp. 587
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Weight Gains

An experiment was conducted with 50 male, Friesian calves from 2 to 11 weeks of age. There were two basal diets, one containing meat meal and the other containing meat meal and urea as protein supplements to concentrate diets. The diets were fed with and without the addition of 5 per cent dried molasses. The addition of molasses to the diets increased the feed intake of both diets by 11 to 16 per cent. This resulted in increased weight gains of calves and increased nitrogen retention. The digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen was not affected.

A nutritional evaluation of diets containing meat meal for growing pigs. 1. The effect of calcium level in wheat-animal protein diets

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (36) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Batterham ◽  
JM Holder
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Intake ◽  
Calcium Level ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Protein Diets

Diets containing 1.4, 2.5, and 3.5 per cent calcium were fed to pigs in two experiments to observe the effect on performance of calcium level in diets containing animal protein supplements. Rate of liveweight gain and efficiency of food conversion were depressed as the level of calcium increased. There was also a trend towards a decrease in the lean content of the ham with increased calcium intake. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility of the diets were depressed as calcium intake increased, but no apparent effect on nitrogen retention was detected. There was no indication of parakeratosis in any of the animals.

EFFECTS OF FORMALIN ADDED TO MILK REPLACERS ON GROWTH, FEED INTAKE, DIGESTION AND INCIDENCE OF ABOMASAL BLOAT IN LAMBS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
T. M. MACINTYRE
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Replacers

Formalin (37% formaldehyde) was added at 0–0.15% (v/w) to 20% (w/w) solids milk replacers to determine its effect on utilization of nutrients, growth, feed intake and incidence of abomasal bloat in lambs. Formalin at 0.05 or 0.10% in the diet had no effect on growth, nitrogen retention and apparent digestion of dry matter, nitrogen and energy by lambs. The incidence of abomasal bloat was markedly reduced in lambs fed milk replacer twice daily to appetite when 0.10%, compared with 0 or 0.05% formalin was added. Milk replacer intake by lambs and body weight gains were reduced by the inclusion of 0.15% formalin, but there was no adverse effect on the digestive tract mucosa. Lambs fed milk replacer ad libitum at 17 C with 0.05% formalin added tended to gain more body weight to weaning than those fed refrigerated milk replacer without formalin (237 vs. 192 g/day); weight gains to 10 wk were 224 and 222 g/day, respectively. The same milk replacer containing 0.05% formalin was fed to lambs either ad libitum or restricted to 900 g/day after 8 days of age. Weight gains to weaning at 28 days were 311 and 212 g/day, and to 10 wk were 259 and 220 g/day, respectively. Milk replacer dry matter intakes per lamb were 8.8 and 5.4 kg. There was no abomasal bloating in lambs when fed ad libitum or restricted amounts of milk replacer with 0.05% formalin added.

COMPARISON OF INTACT, LATE-CASTRATED, AND DIETHYLSTILBESTROL (DES)-IMPLANTED BOARS WITH BARROWS AND GILTS: NITROGEN AND ENERGY DIGESTIBILITY, NITROGEN RETENTION, CARCASS MEASUREMENTS, MUSCLE ANALYSES, AND RESIDUAL DES IN MUSCLE TISSUE

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. NEWELL ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Grade Index

Forty boars, eight barrows, and eight gilts were allotted in groups of four pigs each at an average weight of 13.1 kg. Metabolism studies with a portion of the animals were conducted at 15 and 50 kg liveweight. Although no statistical differences between sexes were found in these studies, barrows tended to digest more nitrogen (N) but to retain less than boars and gilts. N digestibility (DN) and retention (NR) values at 50 kg were higher than those at 15 kg. The three sexes were found to be similar in energy digestibility (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME). Significant differences were found for boars in DE and ME coefficients between the two periods, averaging 83.2 and 85.6% DE in the 15- and 50-kg periods, respectively. At 70 kg, 16 boars were implanted with 96 mg of diethylstilbestrol (DES), 16 boars were castrated, and 8 boars were left intact. Barrows had thicker backfat (P < 0.05) and lower (P < 0.05) grade index than any of the other treatments. Late-castrated boars showed a general trend to revert to the carcass characteristics of barrows but were still superior to barrows at market weight. No significant differences between treatments were found for dry matter, protein, fat, or ash content of the longissimus muscle. No residual DES was found in the muscle tissue of the implanted boars.

A note on supplemental protein and monensin for steers wintered on dormant native range

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-105
Author(s):  
G. W. Horn ◽  
S. L. Armbruster ◽  
P. L. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
Supplemental Protein ◽  
Total Trial

ABSTRACTNinety-six Hereford steer calves that weighed 249(s.e.4·7)kg were allocated randomly to four treatments of 24 steers each in a randomized complete block design with four blocks. The steers grazed dormant native range forage that contained 41 to 60 g of crude protein per kg dry matter during the 120-day wintering trial and were given 0·91 kg of supplement per head per day. The supplements used contained 175 or 350 g crude protein per kg dry matter and 0 or 165 mg monensin per kg supplement; a factorial arrangement of treatments was used in allocating the supplements. Weight gains of steers given the high-protein supplements were greater than those on the low-protein supplements during periods 1(0 to 61 days) and 2 (62 to 120 days), and over the total trial (P < 0·01). Monensin increased weight gains during period 1 and the total trial (P < 0·01). The protein level × monensin interaction was not significant for either period or the total trial (P > 0·15). The results indicate that inclusion of monensin in protein supplements for growing cattle grazed on low-quality dormant native forage may allow some reduction in protein content of the supplement.

Further studies on the fattening value of grass silage and on the effect of the dry-matter percentage of the diet on dry-matter intake in ruminants

1954 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Dodsworth
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Weight Gains

1. A feeding trial is described including four groups of cattle fed on silage only, two mixtures of silage and roots, and roots, straw, hay and oats.2. The live-weight gains made are recorded together with the rate of dry-matter intake.3. The efficiency of the dry matter of the diets was calculated.4. Silage fed alone produced a significantly greater rate of fattening than the other three diets.5. Cattle receiving roots in the morning and silage at night consumed 10·78% more dry matter and made greater live-weight gains than cattle fed on silage in the morning and roots at night.6. Calculation of the starch values of the roots and silage showed that these are higher when fed together than when silage is fed alone or when roots are fed with straw, hay and oats.7. An experiment is described designed to determine the effect of the dry-matter percentage of the diet on dry-matter intake in ruminants and of sudden changes in dry-matter content on digestibility.8. Sheep receiving 19·46% dry-matter silage consumed 16·7% more dry matter and 19·8% more starch equivalent than sheep eating 15·85% dry-matter silage.9. When the dry-matter percentage of the silage fell from 19·46 to 15·77 the digestibility of the dry matter fell by over 10%.10. The starch equivalent of the silage when fed alone was determined from the results of a digestibility trial and according to the performance of the cattle in the feeding trial. The values found were 65·88 and 66·15% respectively.11. The losses suffered in silage-making in twentyfive silos are recorded and discussed. The loss of dry matter and crude protein both average approximately 40% of that ensiled. The need for finding methods of reducing these losses is again stressed.

EVALUATION OF CANDLE RAPESEED MEAL AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR SWINE

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. BELL ◽  
D. M. ANDERSON ◽  
A. SHIRES
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Protein Supplements

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate rapeseed meal (RSM) produced from seed of Brassica campestris L. ’Candle’ in comparison with B. napus L. ’Tower’, soybean meal and fababeans (Vicia faba) as protein supplements for growing swine. In experiment 1 Candle RSM (5, 10 or 15%) was substituted for soybean meal or fababeans in barley- and wheat-based diets for 120 pigs from 23 to 88 kg liveweight. The effects of supplementary iodine (0.14 mg I/kg diet) and amino acids (0.15% lysine and 0.05% methionine) on the nutritive value of Candle RSM were also studied. The results of experiment 1 indicated that daily feed intake and carcass value index were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by diets. The growth and feed utilization responses of pigs fed diets which contained soybean meal and fababeans as the sole source of supplementary protein were similar and the replacement of these protein supplements with Candle RSM, unless supplemented with amino acids, resulted in a reduction in rate of growth and efficiency of feed utilization. Gains adjusted by regression for feed intake variations showed benefit from lysine. Diets containing 15 % of either Candle or Tower RSM, plus lysine, were utilized about 95% as efficiently as soybean meal diets. Supplementation with iodine produced no significant response. The digestibility coefficients of the protein and energy of Candle RSM and soybean meal were determined in experiment 2. The apparent digestibility of protein in Candle RSM was 81% and energy digestibility was 71%. The digestible energy content was 14.12 MJ/kg (3370 kcal/kg), dry matter basis.

An evaluation of the micronization process for preparing cereals for the growing pig. 3. A note on the effect of micronization temperature on the nutritive value of wheat

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. J. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Significant Depression ◽  
Conversion Study

SUMMARY1. In two experiments the nutritive value for the growing pig of wheat which had been micronized at temperatures of 155°, 190° or 220°C, flaked (rolled) and then ground was compared with wheat which had either been ground, or rolled and then ground.2. In the first experiment 60 pigs offered individually, restricted amounts of feed were used in a growth and efficiency of conversion study. In the second experiment 15 pigs were used in digestibility and nitrogen retention studies.3. The highest micronization temperature gave a significant depression in growth rate and in efficiency of conversion of dietary dry matter as compared with the other treatments for which there were no significant differences.

SOLUBLE NUTRIENTS IN PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS AND IN SITU DISAPPEARANCE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. BARRIO ◽  
F. N. OWENS ◽  
A. L. GOETSCH
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Altered Protein ◽  
Meat Meal

The effect of removal of soluble nutrients from soybean meal (SBM) and meat meal (MM) on in situ disappearance of dry matter (DMD) and nitrogen (ND) was measured. All feeds were rinsed with pH 6 buffer (R) without or with subsequent extraction with buffer at pH 5 (5) or pH 7 (7). Feeds were incubated in the rumen of heifers fed diets containing 20 or 80% concentrate (20%C and 80%C, respectively). Ruminal pH was higher (P < 0.05) in heifers fed the 20%C diet than in animals receiving the 80%C ration, while ruminal ammonia concentration tended to be greater with the 80%C diet. In situ DMD and ND were linearly related to incubation time (P < 0.01) with little indication of a quadratic effect of time. In situ ND of feeds extracted at pH 7 was greater (P < 0.05) than ND of feeds extracted at pH 5, but no interaction of diet and extraction pH or feed and extraction pH was apparent. Hence, altered protein solubility due to varied ruminal pH would not appear to be responsible for differences in ND with the different diets. In situ DMD and ND of both feedstuffs were greater (P < 0.01) with the 20%C than the 80%C diet. Hence, differences in microbial types or activities rather than chemical characteristics of the substrate are probably responsible for greater proetein loss with the lower concentrate diet. Key words: In situ, dry matter disappearance, nitrogen disappearance, soybean meal, meat meal

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE USE OF FOUR PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS BY WEST AFRICAN DWARF (WAD) SHEEP.

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-75
Author(s):  
A. A. TAIWO ◽  
E. A. ADEBOWALE ◽  
A. O. AKINSOYINU ◽  
J. F. D. GREENHALGH
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

Feedblocks, poultry manure diet, gliricidia: leucaena mixture (1:1 W/W) and maize offal diet were compared as sources of protein supplements for WAD sheep fed a basal diet of elephant grass hay (Pennisetum purpureum), through a 12-week performance and digestibility study. Dry matter and organic matter intakes (DMI, OMI) of the sheep were higher (P0.05) on the gliricidia: leucaena supplement than on the other diets. DMI on poultry manure and maize offal diets were not significant (P0.05). Organic matter intake (OMI) of the animals followed the same trend as DMI. Sheep fed legume supplements excelled in intakes of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (P>0.05). Intakes of CP and ADF by sheep on the other supplements were not significantly different (P>0.05). Sheep fed on feedblock supplement consumed the least amount. (P0.05) of NDF. Variations were observed in DM,OM, and NDF digestibilities by sheep on maize offal, poultry manure and legumes supplements. Crude protein digestibility in the legumes and feedblocks supplements was higher (P0.05) than with the other two supplements. All the sheep used gained weights but those on maize offa' diet recorded higher (P0.05). weight gain (86.57g) than those on browse leaves (59.40g), feedblocks (47.80g) and poultry manure (40.44g). Rumen pH was lower (P<0.05) on the gliricidia: leucaena supplement than on other diets. Total VFA recorded for sheep on maize offal diet and legumes supplements was higher (P<0.05) than for the other two supplements. Blood urea nitrogen of the supplements were not significantly different (P>0.05) 

Lysine supplementation of diets for pigs between 7 and 56 days of age

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Leibholz ◽  
J. R. Parks
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Entire Male

ABSTRACTSixty entire male pigs between 7 and 28 days and 60 entire male pigs between 28 and 56 days of age were given ad libitum basal diets using peanut meal and wheat gluten with or without dried milk as the protein supplements. The diets contained between 7·0 and 10·7 g lysine per kg. These diets were supplemented with graded additions of synthetic L-lysine hydrochloride.It was found that the lysine required for maximum performance and nitrogen retention was at least 12·7 g/kg dry matter (DM) between 7 and 28 days of age and not greater than 12 g/kg DM between 28 and 56 days of age. These values are 4·7 and 5·3 g/kg dietary crude protein for the two ages or 0·81 and 0·79 g/MJ digestible energy.A method is discussed for the calculation of the most economical level of lysine supplementation. This is dependent on the cost of the basal diet and lysine, and the value of the weight gain.The concentration of free lysine in the blood plasma did not give a clear indication of lysine requirement of the pigs.

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