Laboratory and Field Investigations on the Ability of Eggs of the European Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) to Withstand Low Winter Temperatures

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 978-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Pine Sawfly ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Overwintering Mortality ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
European Pine Sawfly ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractMeasurements of the supercooling points of eggs from different latitudes suggest that the cold-hardiness of N. sertifer is increased by the selective pressure of low winter temperatures. In Ontario, the insect is only beginning to experience temperatures capable of influencing population trends, but the selection of a more cold-hardy population may be in progress. It is predicted that this insect will eventually be capable of extendng its range into natural stands of jack pine in the northwestern portion of the province.Overwintering eggs are inherently able to supercool to about −26 °C., but exposure to certain non-lethal conditioning temperatures increases their cold-hardiness. Increased cold-hardiness apparently is associated with the appearance of glycerol in the eggs. Mortality curves based on supercooling points of eggs exposed to optimal conditioning temperatures are useful in predicting overwintering mortality of eggs that are not protected by snow cover.

scholarly journals Plasticity of cold hardiness in the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Skye Butterson ◽  
Amanda D Roe ◽  
Katie Elizabeth Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Overwintering Mortality ◽  
Overwintering Survival

High latitude insect populations must cope with extreme conditions, particularly cold temperatures. Insects use a variety of cold hardiness mechanisms to withstand this temperature stress, and these can drive geographic distributions through overwintering mortality. The degree of cold hardiness can be altered by two evolved responses: phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation. Phenotypic plasticity can occur within or between generations (transgenerational plasticity; TGP), and local adaptation can evolve through directional selection in response to regional climatic differences. We used the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) as a model to explore the role that variable winter temperatures play in inducing two aspects of plasticity in cold hardiness: TGP and local adaptation in phenotypic plasticity. This species is one of the most destructive boreal forest pests in North America, therefore accurately predicting overwintering survival is essential for effective management. While we found no evidence of TGP in cold hardiness, there was a long-term fitness cost to larvae that experienced repeated cold exposures. We also found evidence of local adaptation in both seasonal and short-term plasticity of cold hardiness. These findings provide evidence for the importance of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation when modelling species distributions.

Selection of Cold-hardy Rootstocks

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 467d-467
Author(s):  
Mary Peterson ◽  
Emily Hoover
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
Rooting Ability ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Selection Of

Cold-hardy candidates from the Univ. of Minnesota Vitis collection were evaluated for potential use as commercial rootstocks for the production of cold-tender grapes in conditions typical of the eastern and midwestern United States. The 53 genotypes studied were selected from the collection based on past field performance and cold-hardy parentage. These were compared with standard commercial rootstocks for these regions—C3309 and SO4—for characteristics typically evaluated in rootstock production: rooting ability, vigor, phylloxera resistance, disease resistance, first season root development, suitability of rootstock wood, ease of grafting and callusing, and growth of scion bud. In addition, indications of onset of dormancy were monitored to identify those genotypes with potential to influence scion dormancy regime for the purpose of increasing scion cold-hardiness.

SELECTION OF OVIPOSITIONAL SITES BY THE EUROPEAN PINE SAWFLY, NEODIPRION SERTIFER (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE), ON SCOTS PINE

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (7) ◽  
pp. 761-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvan J. Hardy ◽  
Douglas C. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Neodiprion Sertifer ◽  
Pine Sawfly ◽  
European Pine Sawfly ◽  
Resin Canals ◽  
Oviposition Sites ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractOn Scots pine, Neodiprion sertifer prefers the lowermost needle of fascicles on the distal one-third of shoots for oviposition. The amount of divergence between needles in a fascicle may influence the selection of oviposition sites, as the needles were further apart in egg-bearing fascicles. The interior diameter of resin canals was significantly greater on egg-bearing than non-egg-bearing needles.

Early selection of black spruce using physiological and morphological criteria

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Sulzer ◽  
M.S. Greenwood ◽  
W.H. Livingston ◽  
Greg Adams
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Morphological Parameters ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Early Testing ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Selection Of

A retrospective test of 36 half-sib black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) families was initiated using surplus seed from the same families growing in six 10-year-old test plantations in New Brunswick. Height, diameter, cold hardiness, gas exchange rates, chlorophyll content, and leaf weight/leaf area ratios of the 3-year-old greenhouse-grown seedlings were determined and related to 10-year field height. The variables that correlated most highly with height at age 10 were seedling height (r = 0.491) and diameter (r = 0.441). Seedling cold hardiness was significantly correlated with both 3-year (r = −0.508) and 10-year height (r = −0.337), the better growing families being more cold hardy. Although photosynthesis and the ratio of photosynthesis to transpiration (a measure of "instantaneous" water use efficiency) were correlated with seedling height, neither of these measures showed a significant relationship with height at age 10. The potential usefulness of both physiological and morphological parameters for early testing purposes is discussed.

SURVIVAL AND MULTIPLICATION OF STORED-PRODUCT BEETLES AT SIMULATED AND ACTUAL WINTER TEMPERATURES

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 887-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.G. Fields ◽  
N.D.G. White
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Overwintering Mortality ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Cryptolestes Pusillus

AbstractCryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), Cryptolestes pusillus (Schönherr), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) were gradually exposed to falling temperatures in the laboratory, simulating conditions in the centre of a 12- or 6-m-diameter granary containing wheat. Two years of overwintering mortality for C. ferrugineus and R. dominica were obtained from 11–13 farm granaries (40–100 t wheat). Cryptolestes ferrugineus (adults) was the most cold hardy species among the beetles tested. In the laboratory, survival was 40% at 25 °C declining to 10 °C over10 months, whereas at 25 °C declining to 0 °C over 10 months survival was 7%. Cryptolestes pusillus and T. castaneum did not survive once temperatures were below 10 °C, and R. dominica adults did not survive temperatures below 3 °C. In the field, there was no survival of C. ferrugineus in granaries that had February temperatures of −6.7 °C or lower. Six-week exposure to −10 °C killed most C. ferrugineus adults taken from granaries in February. Cryptolestes ferrugineus caught in granaries were more cold hardy than laboratory-reared strains. No T. castaneum or R. dominica survived an entire winter in granaries in the 2 years tested. Although C. pusillus was not tested in the granaries, it is unlikely it could survive the winter, as it had the same level of cold tolerance as T. castaneum in the laboratory. The implications for the population dynamics of these pest species in prairie grain are discussed.

scholarly journals Cold Hardiness Estimates of Acer L. Taxa

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-205
Author(s):  
Michael A. Dirr ◽  
Orville M. Lindstrom
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
Acer Platanoides ◽  
Green Mountain ◽  
Laboratory Techniques ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract The cold hardiness of eleven Acer taxa was determined by laboratory techniques. The red leaf cultivars of A. platanoides were less cold hardy than the green leaf ‘Emerald Queen.’ ‘Crimson Sentry,’ a branch sport of ‘Crimson King,’ exhibited similar cold hardiness to that of its parent. Among A. saccharum cultivars, ‘Legacy’ was the most cold hardy followed by ‘Green Mountain,’ ‘Commemoration’ and ‘Bonfire.’ ‘Green Column,’ a selection of black maple from a native Iowa population, developed −30°C (−22°F) midwinter cold hardiness but lost all cold hardiness [killed at −3°C (27°F)] by March. All sugar maple cultivars survived at least −9°C (16°F) on the March date. Of the hybrids of Acer platanoides and A. truncatum, Pacific Sunset™ was significantly more cold hardy than Norwegian Sunset™ and should be rated USDA Zone 4 and 5, respectively.

Flower cold hardiness: a potential determinant of the flowering sequence exhibited by bog ericads

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 997-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Reader
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Vaccinium Myrtilloides ◽  
Potential Determinant ◽  
Ledum Groenlandicum

In laboratory freezing trials, cold hardiness of six types of bog ericad flowers differed significantly (i.e., Chamaedaphne calyculata > Andromeda glaucophylla > Kalmia polifolia > Vaccinium myrtilloides > Ledum groenlandicum > Vaccinium macrocarpon) at air temperatures between −4 and −10 °C but not at temperatures above −2 °C. At the Luther Marsh bog in southern Ontario, low temperatures (−3 to −7 °C) would select against May flowering by the least cold hardy ericads. Availability of pollinators, on the other hand, would encourage May flowering by the most cold hardy species. Presumably, competition for insect pollinators has promoted the diversification of bog ericad flowering peaks, while air temperature, in conjunction with flower cold hardiness, determined the order in which flowering peaks were reached.

scholarly journals Super Cooling Point Phenotypes and Cold Resistance in Hyles euphorbiae Hawk Moths from Different Climate Zones

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Hana Daneck ◽  
Matthias Benjamin Barth ◽  
Martin Geck ◽  
Anna K. Hundsdoerfer
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Cold Sensitivity ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Hyles Euphorbiae

The spurge hawkmoth Hyles euphorbiae L. (Sphingidae) comprises a remarkable species complex with still not fully resolved taxonomy. Its extensive natural distribution range covers diverse climatic zones. This predestinates particular populations to cope with different local seasonally unfavorable environmental conditions. The ability of the pupae to overcome outer frosty conditions is well known. However, the differences between two main ecotypes (‘euphorbiae’ and ‘tithymali’) in terms of the inherent degree of frost tolerance, its corresponding survival strategy, and underlying mechanism have not been studied in detail so far. The main aim of our study was to test the phenotypic exhibition of pupae (as the relevant life cycle stadia to outlast unfavorable conditions) in response to combined effects of exogenous stimuli, such as daylight length and cooling regime. Namely, we tested the turnout of subitan (with fast development, unadapted to unfavorable conditions) or diapause (paused development, adapted to unfavorable external influences and increased resistance) pupae under different conditions, as well as their mortality, and we measured the super cooling point (SCP) of whole pupae (in vivo) and pupal hemolymph (in vitro) as phenotypic indicators of cold acclimation. Our results show higher cold sensitivity in ‘tithymali’ populations, exhibiting rather opportunistic and short-termed cold hardiness, while ‘euphorbiae’ produces a phenotype of seasonal cold-hardy diapause pupae under a combined effect of short daylight length and continuous cold treatment. Further differences include the variability in duration and mortality of diapause pupae. This suggests different pre-adaptations to seasonal environmental conditions in each ecotype and may indicate a state of incipient speciation within the H. euphorbiae complex.

Current state of cold hardiness research on fruit crops

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauliina Palonen ◽  
Deborah Buszard
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Current State ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
Cold Hardy

This article gives an overview of the current state of cold hardiness research in fruit crops by reviewing the recently published studies on cold hardiness of both tree fruit and berry crops. Topics discussed include cold hardiness of fruit species, cultivars and different plant organs, biophysical and biochemical aspects of hardiness, evaluation of hardiness, as well as endogenous, cultural and environmental factors affecting cold hardiness in these species. Lack of cold hardiness is a major limiting factor for production of fruit crops in many regions of the world and improved cold hardiness one of the major objectives in numerous breeding programs and research projects. Screening cultivars or selections for cold hardiness is commonly done, and different methods applied to the evaluation of hardiness are discussed. The physical limit of deep supercooling may be a restricting factor for expanding the production of some fruit crops, such as Prunus species and pear. As for biochemical aspects, a relationship between carbohydrates and cold hardiness is most commonly found. Studies have also been made on different hardiness modifying cultural factors including rootstock, crop load, raised beds and application of growth regulators. The latter seems promising for some species. Cold hardiness is an extremely complex phenomenon and understanding different mechanisms involved is critical. Since hardiness is, however, primarily affected by genotype, developing cold-hardy fruit cultivars and effective screening methods for hardiness are essential. Finally, cultural practices may be improved to further enhance hardiness. Key words: Berries, cold hardiness, fruits, small fruits, stress, winter hardiness

Cold-Hardiness, Habitat and Winter Survival of Some Orchard Arthropods in Nova Scotia

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. MacPhee
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Kings County ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Cold Hardy

AbstractIn Kings County, Nova Scotia, low temperatures in the coldest nights of winter can differ by as much as 10°F. from one area to another. This has an important bearing on winter survival of some arthropods. Overwintering sites of orchard arthropods range from exposed situations which remain at air temperature to well protected ones on the ground where temperatures rarely go below 20°F. The cold-hardiness of each of 24 species of arthropods was measured: seven were sufficiently cold-hardy to survive any winter conditions in Nova Scotia, five were less cold-hardy but overwinter in well protected sites and twelve had marginal cold-hardiness, their mortality varying with the winter and the locality.

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