Cold-Hardiness, Habitat and Winter Survival of Some Orchard Arthropods in Nova Scotia

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. MacPhee
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Kings County ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Cold Hardy

AbstractIn Kings County, Nova Scotia, low temperatures in the coldest nights of winter can differ by as much as 10°F. from one area to another. This has an important bearing on winter survival of some arthropods. Overwintering sites of orchard arthropods range from exposed situations which remain at air temperature to well protected ones on the ground where temperatures rarely go below 20°F. The cold-hardiness of each of 24 species of arthropods was measured: seven were sufficiently cold-hardy to survive any winter conditions in Nova Scotia, five were less cold-hardy but overwinter in well protected sites and twelve had marginal cold-hardiness, their mortality varying with the winter and the locality.

Flower cold hardiness: a potential determinant of the flowering sequence exhibited by bog ericads

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 997-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Reader
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Vaccinium Myrtilloides ◽  
Potential Determinant ◽  
Ledum Groenlandicum

In laboratory freezing trials, cold hardiness of six types of bog ericad flowers differed significantly (i.e., Chamaedaphne calyculata > Andromeda glaucophylla > Kalmia polifolia > Vaccinium myrtilloides > Ledum groenlandicum > Vaccinium macrocarpon) at air temperatures between −4 and −10 °C but not at temperatures above −2 °C. At the Luther Marsh bog in southern Ontario, low temperatures (−3 to −7 °C) would select against May flowering by the least cold hardy ericads. Availability of pollinators, on the other hand, would encourage May flowering by the most cold hardy species. Presumably, competition for insect pollinators has promoted the diversification of bog ericad flowering peaks, while air temperature, in conjunction with flower cold hardiness, determined the order in which flowering peaks were reached.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE WHITE APPLE LEAFHOPPER, TYPHLOCYBA POMARIA (HEMIPTERA: CICADELLIDAE), AND ON THE MIRID PREDATOR BLEPHARIDOPTERUS ANGULATUS, AND MEASUREMENTS OF THEIR COLD-HARDINESS

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. MacPhee
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Predatory Mirid

AbstractTyphlocyba pomaria McA., with two generations per year, damages the leaves and defaces the fruit of apple. It was reduced in numbers in an experimental orchard by the predatory mirid Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fall.) which attacked the second generation. The cold-hardiness of T. pomaria and B. angulatus overwintering eggs, which had mean freezing points of −35 °C and −34 °C respectively, was sufficient to protect these species from winter low temperatures in Nova Scotia.

THE EFFECT OF LONG EXPOSURE TO LOW TEMPERATURES ON THE COLD HARDINESS OF SPROUTING WHEAT IN THE DARK

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. A. ROBERTS
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Cold Hardy

Nine cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ranging from very cold hardy to tender were sprouted in vermiculite at 0.5–1.0 °C for 7 wk in the dark and then placed at 0.5 °C, −2.5 °C, −5 °C, −7.5 °C, or −10 °C for up to 20 wk. Plants held at 0.5 °C progressively lost hardiness. Little change occurred in the hardiness of plants moved to −2.5 °C. There was apparently a small initial increase in hardiness after transfer to −5 °C or −7.5 °C followed by a decline in hardiness. Plants transferred to −10 °C lost hardiness progressively after transfer. These results suggest that part of the reason for late-winter mortality of winter wheats in northern regions of the Canadian prairies is damage from long exposures to temperatures only slightly lower than −5 °C. This damage is manifested by higher LT50 values or lower cold hardiness in late winter and early spring.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cold hardiness, winter survival

Switch in the overwintering strategy of two insect species and latitudinal differences in cold hardiness

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Kukal ◽  
John G. Duman
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Dendroides Canadensis ◽  
Latitude Range ◽  
Low Latitudes ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Cold Hardy

A switch from freezing tolerance to freezing intolerance (avoidance) occurred between winter 1980 and winter 1981 in Dendroides canadensis and between 1979 and 1983 in Cucujus clavipes at the same geographical location in northern Indiana (41°30′N). This change in overwintering strategy was not related to latitudinal interpopulation differences, because different populations (latitude range 35°30′N–45°20′N) subsequently sampled were all intolerant of freezing. A 1-week midwinter thaw had no effect on the overwintering mode or cold hardiness of the midlatitude population of D. canadensis. However, high-latitude populations of D. canadensis were more cold hardy (survived 24-h freezing at temperatures above −25 °C) than populations from low latitudes (survived freezing at temperatures above −15 °C). All individuals of the northernmost populations survived low temperatures (−15 °C for 2 weeks) whereas only 14% of the southern-ranging individuals survived that temperature regime.

Winter conditions in eastern hemlock and mixed-hardwood deer wintering areas of Vermont

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 697-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane C. Lishawa ◽  
Dale R. Bergdahl ◽  
Scott D. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Adelges Tsugae ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Additional Stress ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Wintering Areas

In regions experiencing harsh winter, eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) is thought to moderate winter conditions and provide cover for white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman, 1780). In Vermont, USA, eastern hemlock is the dominant tree in many white-tailed deer wintering areas. Hemlock woolly adelgid ( Adelges tsugae Annand; HWA), an insect introduced from Asia, is causing widespread mortality of eastern hemlock. HWA cold-hardiness research and cold-hardiness zone climate models predict that HWA is capable of winter survival in portions of southern Vermont. This study quantifies the effects of eastern hemlock cover on winter temperatures and snow depths and assesses the effect of hemlock dominance on the winter severity values for white-tailed deer and on cold hardiness zone designations. Within site-paired eastern hemlock and hardwood stands, temperatures were recorded at 30 min intervals and snow depths were recorded every 2 weeks in the winters of 2003–2004 and 2004–2005. Extreme temperatures and snow depths were significantly moderated within hemlock stands. In southern Vermont, eastern hemlock mortality caused by HWA will alter these pockets of moderated microclimate, adding additional stress to white-tailed deer. Furthermore, the magnitude of temperature buffering in hemlock stands suggests that HWA may be capable of winter survival farther north than previously estimated.

Winter survival of nuisance fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in Canada and Denmark

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.D. Floate ◽  
H. Skovgård
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Similar Survival ◽  
Egg Stages

AbstractIndependent studies were performed in Canada and in Denmark to assess the survival of parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) wintering in puparia of house fly, Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae). Data in Canada were collected for Muscidifurax raptorGirault & Saunders, M. raptorellus Kogan & Legner, M. zaraptor Kogan & Legner, Nasonia vitripennis(Walker), Spalangia cameroniPerkins, Trichomalopsis sarcophagae (Gahan) and Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead) in three microsites at an outdoor cattle facility in southern Alberta. Survival was highest for N. vitripennis, T. sarcophagaeand U. rufipes, ranging from near zero to c. 7%. No survival was observed for S. cameroni. Daily mean values for ambient air temperature (DMAT) averaged about −3.5°C during exposure periods. Data for Denmark were collected for M. raptor, S. cameroniand U. rufipes in a dairy barn and in a swine barn. Survival of M. raptorand U. rufipes was higher than that of S. cameroniin the dairy barn (DMAT = 8.6°C), with the three species having similar survival in the swine barn (DMAT = 15.4°C). In both studies, parasitoids in egg stages were least likely to survive. These results identify the potential for T. sarcophagae and U. rufipes to be commercialized for use in northern climates as biocontrol agents for nuisance flies, compare directly the cold-hardiness of commercialized species (i.e. all of the above species excluding T. sarcophagae and U. rufipes), and document the importance of microsite on winter survival.

scholarly journals Screening Red Raspberry for Cold Hardiness in Vitro

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 740-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette M. Zatylny ◽  
J.T.A. Proctor ◽  
J.A. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Visual Rating ◽  
In Vitro Shoots ◽  
Cold Hardy

Two selections and two cultivars of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) were evaluated for cold hardiness in vitro. Tissue-cultured shoots were exposed to temperatures from 0 to –18C and samples were removed at 2C intervals. Injury was assessed by a visual rating of tissue browning after freezing. Only shoots subjected to step-wise acclimation at low temperatures before freezing revealed significant differences among the four types in the lowest shoot survival temperature. Acclimation treatments increased the lowest survival temperatures of in vitro shoots by a mean of 3.1C. The hardiness obtained from this screening method agreed with that of winter survival in the field. Ranking, from the most to least cold hardy, was `Boyne', Gu 72, Gu 63, and `Comox'.

scholarly journals Field Evaluation of Cold Hardy Citrus in Coastal Georgia

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 540-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Rieger ◽  
Gerard Krewer ◽  
Pam Lewis ◽  
Mindy Linton ◽  
Tom McClendon
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
First Year ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Landscape Trees

Sixteen cultivars of citrus (Citrus spp.) and close citrus relatives were planted in Savannah, Georgia to evaluate their potential as fruiting landscape trees in an area that routinely experiences minimum temperatures of 15 to 20 °F (-9.4 to -6.7 °C) during winter. Three to six trees of each cultivar were planted in 1998, and stem dieback and defoliation data were collected in 1999, 2001, and 2002. During the 4 years of the study, air temperatures fell below 32 °F (0.0 °C) 27 to 62 times per season, with absolute minima ranging from 13 to 18 °F (-10.6 to -7.8 °C), depending on year. In general, kumquats (Fortunella spp.), represented by `Meiwa', `Nagami', and `Longevity', were completely killed (or nearly so) in their first year in the field after air temperature minima of 13.5 °F (-10.28 °C). Others experiencing 100% dieback were `Meyer' lemon (Citrus limon × C. reticulata) and `Eustis' limequat (C. aurantifolia × Fortunella japonica), which were tested twice during the study. Kumquat hybrids, including procimequat [(C. aurantifolia × F. japonica) × F. hindsii), `Sinton' citrangequat [(C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) × unknown kumquat], `Mr John's Longevity' citrangequat [(C. sinensis × P. trifoliata) × F. obovat], razzlequat (Eremocitrus glauca × unknown kumquat), and `Nippon' orangequat (C. unshiu × F. crassifolia) survived freezing, but all experienced at least some defoliation and stem dieback. `Owari' satsuma (C. unshiu), `Changsha' mandarin (C. reticulata), nansho daidai (C. taiwanica) and ichang papeda (C. ichangensis) experienced only minor stem dieback but substantial defoliation in most years, except that ichang papeda was substantially damaged in the last year of the study. Seven cultivars produced fruit at least once during their first 4 years: nansho daidai, ichang papeda, `Nippon' orangequat, `Mr John's Longevity' citrangequat, `Owari' satsuma, `Changsha' mandarin, and procimequat. Based on cold hardiness, fruiting, and growth characteristics, `Owari' satsuma, `Changsha' mandarin, `Mr John's Longevity' citrangequat, and `Nippon' orangequat provided the hardiest, most precocious and desirable fruiting landscape trees in this study.

LOW WINTER TEMPERATURES AND THE POTENTIAL FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EGG PARASITE ANASTATUS DISPARIS (HYMENOPTERA: EUPELMIDAE) IN ONTARIO POPULATIONS OF THE GYPSY MOTH

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Sullivan ◽  
K. J. Griffiths ◽  
D. R. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Supercooling Point ◽  
Mature Larva ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Prolonged Diapause

AbstractThe overwintering mature larva of the parasite Anastatus disparis Ruschka within the intact gypsy moth, Lymantria (= Porthetria) dispar L., egg chorion is susceptible to freezing and has a mean supercooling point of −28.8±0.14°C. This level of cold hardiness is not increased by exposure to sublethal low temperatures. Over 85% of larvae survived 10 months at 0°C and 4 days at −12° or −18°C, both followed by an additional 2–3 months at 0°C, but over half of the survivors went into prolonged diapause which was not fulfilled by subsequent rearing at room temperature. The parasite is apparently capable of surviving winter conditions over the same geographic area in Canada as the gypsy moth, and the introduction of A. disparts into locations in Canada where gypsy moth is now present is recommended.

EFFECT OF RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID ON COLD HARDINESS AND WINTERKILL OF OVERWINTERING WINTER WHEAT

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. THOMAS ◽  
R. A. BUTTS
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Russian Wheat Aphid ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Risk Of Fall ◽  
Cold Hardy

Russian wheat aphid (RWA) (Diruaphis noxia (Mordvilko)) is a new and cold-hardy pest of temperate cereals in western Canada. In view of the risk of fall infestation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), this study was made to establish whether feeding by RWA can interfere with cold hardening and plant survival of overwintering winter wheat. Feeding by RWA significantly increased the LT50 of field-hardened Norstar winter wheat by + 2 to + 4 °C. Application of 400 g (a.i.) ha−1 of the insecticide chlorpyrifos in mid-October to control severe RWA infestations in two different fields of Norstar winter wheat significantly improved winter survival of the crop. The pattern of winterkill within the two fields suggested that this protective effect of chlorpyrifos was greatest in areas where microtopography resulted in the least accumulations of snow and cold stress was most intense. It was concluded that heavy RWA infestation in the fall significantly reduced freezing tolerance of winter wheat and increased the likelihood of winterkilling of the crop by severe cold.Key words: Winter survival, cold hardening, Diuraphis noxia, insecticide, chlorpyrifos, Triticum aestivum, crop damage

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