scholarly journals Performance Comparison of Industrially Produced Formaldehyde Using Two Different Catalysts

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamran Shakeel ◽  
Muqaddam Javaid ◽  
Yusra Muazzam ◽  
Salman Raza Naqvi ◽  
Syed Ali Ammar Taqvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Compact Size ◽  
Utility Cost

Formaldehyde is an important industrial chemical that is a strong-smelling and colorless gas. It is used in a number of processes such as making household products and building materials, glues and adhesives, resins, certain insulation materials, etc. Formaldehyde can be produced industrially using air and methanol as raw materials in the presence of metal oxide catalyst or silver-based catalyst. The operating conditions and requirements of the process depend on the type of catalyst used. Therefore, a comparative study of both processes was conducted, and the results were compared. It was observed that the silver-based catalyst process has a compact plant size since the amount of air required is halved as compared to the metal oxide process. Thus, it appears that the silver-based catalyst process is more suitable for small-scale production due to its compact size and reduced utility cost.

scholarly journals The Biographies of Bodily Ornaments from Indigenous Settlements of the Dominican Republic (AD 800–1600)

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Guzzo Falci ◽  
Dominique Ngan-Tillard ◽  
Corinne L. Hofman ◽  
Annelou Van Gijn
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Greater Antilles ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Regional Interaction ◽  
Microwear Analysis ◽  
Definition Of

In this study, we generate novel insights regarding bodily ornaments from indigenous societies of late precolonial Greater Antilles. Previous research has highlighted the sociopolitical role of valuable, exotic, and figurative ornaments, yet there are many gaps in our current understanding of these artifacts. Here, we focus on ornaments from five recently excavated sites in the Dominican Republic (AD 800–1600). We used microwear analysis to investigate each ornament and assess its production sequence and use life. These data permitted the definition of morpho-technical groups, which we then compared to depositional contexts and the regional availability of raw materials. We demonstrate that (1) there was small-scale production of ornaments at the sites, (2) the most recurrent morpho-technical groups were likely imported from production centers, and (3) ornaments of the same group could lead different use lives and be deposited through varied processes. We conclude that bodily ornaments had highly diverse biographies involving local and regional interaction networks.

scholarly journals Small-Scale Biodiesel Production Plants—An Overview

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1901
Author(s):  
Maria Gabriela De Paola ◽  
Ivan Mazza ◽  
Rosy Paletta ◽  
Catia Giovanna Lopresto ◽  
Vincenza Calabrò
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
Renewable Energy Storage

Small-scale plants that produce biodiesel have many social, economic and environmental advantages. Indeed, small plants significantly contribute to renewable energy production and rural development. Communities can use/reuse local raw materials and manage independently processes to obtain biofuels by essential, simple, flexible and cheap tools for self-supply. The review and understanding of recent plants of small biodiesel production is essential to identify limitations and critical units for improvement of the current process. Biodiesel production consists of four main stages, that are pre-treatment of oils, reaction, separation of products and biodiesel purification. Among lots of possibilities, waste cooking oils were chosen as cheap and green sources to produce biodiesel by base-catalyzed transesterification in a batch reactor. In this paper an overview on small-scale production plants is presented with the aim to put in evidence process, materials, control systems, energy consumption and economic parameters useful for the project and design of such scale of plants. Final considerations related to the use of biodiesel such as renewable energy storage (RES) in small communities are discussed too.

PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: V. SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION UNIT

1945 ◽  
Vol 23f (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dyson Rose ◽  
W. S. King
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Production Unit ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Careful Control

A small-scale process for producing 2,3-butanediol by fermentation of approximately 25 gal. of whole wheat mash per week is described. Although simple and unspecialized, the equipment proved satisfactory for the purpose of providing fermentation and recovery data and sufficient diol for experimental purposes. Data are given which show that with careful control of the operating conditions the fermentations obtained were entirely satisfactory but that losses in the recovery process lower the over-all recovery of diol to about 55% of that shown by analysis of the fermented mashes.

scholarly journals Modified gypsum binder for interior systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 09086
Author(s):  
G.A Utegenova ◽  
M.O Asamatdinov ◽  
B.A Kalbaev ◽  
Andrey Medvedev ◽  
Alexey Zhukov
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Cement Mortars ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Pot Life ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Traditional Processing

As the main component for many interior plaster mixes, a natural gypsum binder or its analogues is used, which are products of processing of local raw materials or by-products of other industries. Under operating conditions, gypsum binder-based plaster coatings have two main features. The first is the ability to regulate room humidity and absorb harmful emissions. The second is the ability to implement the function of barrier protection in the event of a fire. Improving the quality of plastering works and optimizing their cost is associated with the development of modified compositions based on gypsum, justified use of waste and local building materials, which include clay-gypsum binder. Clay gypsum as a natural material of sedimentary origin is widespread both in Russia and in the states formed in the post-Soviet space. In terms of energy intensity and manufacturability, the processing of raw materials into a clay-gypsum binder does not differ from the conditions of traditional processing of natural gypsum. Compared to lime or cement mortars, mortars based on gypsum binder have greater elasticity and plasticity. Such properties associated with the manufacturability of the application, such as workability and thixotropy, as well as the interval for maintaining the pot life of the mixture, are controlled by the introduction of modifying additives, the evaluation of the formulation of which was the purpose of the research, the results of which are presented in the article. The studies carried out have established that varying the recipe parameters make it possible to regulate both the strength and performance characteristics of mixtures based on gypsum plaster, as well as the manufacturability of their application.

scholarly journals Processing, Characteristics and Composition of Umqombothi (a South African Traditional Beer)

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1451
Author(s):  
Edwin Hlangwani ◽  
Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi ◽  
Wesley Doorsamy ◽  
Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Processing Steps

Traditional beers, such as palm wine, kombucha and others, are notable beverages consumed all over the globe. Such beverages historically contribute to food security on a global scale. Umqombothi is a South African traditional beer nutritionally packed with minerals, amino acids, B-group vitamins and much-needed calories. As a result, the production and consumption of this traditional beverage has been an integral part of South African’s social, economic and cultural prosperity. Unfortunately, difficulties in bioprocessing operations have limited its availability to household and small-scale production. It is at these micro-production scales that poor hygiene practices and the use of hazardous additives and contaminated raw materials continue to increase, posing serious health risks to the unassuming consumer. This study provides an overview of the processing steps and underlying techniques involved in the production of umqombothi, while highlighting the challenges as well as future developments needed to further improve its quality and global competitiveness with other alcoholic products.

scholarly journals Technology for SMD Packaging MOX Gas Sensors

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (13) ◽  
pp. 934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay Samotaev ◽  
Konstantin Oblov ◽  
Anastasia Ivanova ◽  
Boris Podlepetsky ◽  
Nikolay Volkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Form Factor ◽  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Gas Sensors ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Technology Process ◽  
Aerosol Printing ◽  
Mox Sensors ◽  
Laser Micromilling

The perspective combination of laser micromilling technology and jet (aerosol) printing technologies for ceramic MEMS producing of microhotplate in the surface mounted device (SMD) package for the metal oxide (MOX) sensor is describing. There are discusses technological and economic aspects of small-scale production of gas MOX sensors. Experiments with laser micromilling of Al2O3 ceramics confirmed possibility to produce MEMS microhotplate for MOX gas sensor in SMD package with form-factor SOT-23. Developed technology process is close to 3D prototype philosophy—rapid, simple and cheap.

Synthesis of Single and Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Improved Arc Discharge Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 510-511 ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sami-Ullah ◽  
S.M.H. Waqar ◽  
F. Hussain ◽  
A. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Arc Discharge ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Discharge Process ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Noteworthy Feature ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Swcnts And Mwcnts ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes

This paper presents the development of a laboratory scale setup for the production of CNTs by arc discharge process in an argon gas environment. The main problem with the existing lab scale production setups is the cleaning of the chamber and this problem is resolved in presented work by placing a circular metal sheet inside the chamber, which is removed after the synthesis, thus allowing easy cleaning and recovery of the produced CNTs. The most noteworthy feature of the presented setup is its low cost, hence offering for the first time the synthesis of economical CNTs on small scale. In addition to offering better control over operating conditions and hence the quality of CNTs, another unique feature of the developed setup is its capability to synthesize SWCNTs and MWCNTs with versatile range of diameters. Significant quantity of CNTs using the developed setup were produced and characterized by using Scanning Electron microscope (SEM) and few results are reported.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OF CA DONG PEOPLE IN RESETTLEMENT AREA OF TRANH RIVER HYDROPOWER NUMBER 2: CURRENT SITUATION AND IMPACT FACTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bùi Thị Bích Lan
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Technical Application ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Role Of The State

In Vietnam, the construction of hydropower projects has contributed significantly in the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country. The place where hydropower projects are built is mostly inhabited by ethnic minorities - communities that rely primarily on land, a very important source of livelihood security. In the context of the lack of common productive land in resettlement areas, the orientation for agricultural production is to promote indigenous knowledge combined with increasing scientific and technical application; shifting from small-scale production practices to large-scale commodity production. However, the research results of this article show that many obstacles in the transition process are being posed such as limitations on natural resources, traditional production thinking or the suitability and effectiveness of scientific - technical application models. When agricultural production does not ensure food security, a number of implications for people’s lives are increasingly evident, such as poverty, preserving cultural identity, social relations and resource protection. Since then, it has set the role of the State in researching and building appropriate agricultural production models to exploit local strengths and ensure sustainability.

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