scholarly journals Processing, Characteristics and Composition of Umqombothi (a South African Traditional Beer)

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1451
Author(s):  
Edwin Hlangwani ◽  
Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi ◽  
Wesley Doorsamy ◽  
Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Processing Steps

Traditional beers, such as palm wine, kombucha and others, are notable beverages consumed all over the globe. Such beverages historically contribute to food security on a global scale. Umqombothi is a South African traditional beer nutritionally packed with minerals, amino acids, B-group vitamins and much-needed calories. As a result, the production and consumption of this traditional beverage has been an integral part of South African’s social, economic and cultural prosperity. Unfortunately, difficulties in bioprocessing operations have limited its availability to household and small-scale production. It is at these micro-production scales that poor hygiene practices and the use of hazardous additives and contaminated raw materials continue to increase, posing serious health risks to the unassuming consumer. This study provides an overview of the processing steps and underlying techniques involved in the production of umqombothi, while highlighting the challenges as well as future developments needed to further improve its quality and global competitiveness with other alcoholic products.

scholarly journals 'Italian Opera' in 'Central Europe', 1600–1780: Research Trends and the Geographic Imagination

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Reinhard Strohm
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Italian Opera ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Geographical Space

This brief survey of literature, provided with a bibliography, proposes to critically inform about research carried out over the last 30 years, and to identify research trends regarding subject definition, methodology and epistemology of the apparent duality, 'Italian Opera' and 'Central Europe'. A main question is how researchers have imagined their subject as a geographical space, and what their changing priorities had to do with developing regional concepts in music history. It is shown how, in the 1960s and 70s, the reception of Italian Opera in Europe was conceptualised as a national and European, not a regional question; how specialisation on mechanisms of production and consumption in the 1980s instigated more socially-oriented research, and how in this context both a nationalist and a universalist direction were being undermined. A renewed focus in the 1990s on small-scale production units such as individual cities, opera companies and travelling indivduals enabled researchers to recategorise Italian opera as a regional and diverse phenomenon. The contribution of such projects as the Storia dell'Opera Italiana (ed. Bianconi), the various Hofkultur researches in Germany, and the ESF programme Music in Europe, 1600-1900, with its study group on Italian Opera in Central Europe (Dubowy et al.) have now become influential. International collaboration also beyond 'central' Europe has seemed the most appropriate means of achieving good research results. Central Europe was, at least in opera, typified by its interest for the music of 'non-central' Italy. The concept of Central Europe in music (as in other matters) is a concept without borders.

PRACTICAL CONTROL OF SALMONELLAE1,2

1969 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 126-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Ayres
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Mass Storage ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Equal Importance ◽  
Short Period

Salmonellae occur in practically all raw feeds and foods of animal origin; consequently the key word to their control is sanitation. The twentieth century has brought with it profound changes in animal husbandry practices, large-scale production of foods, packaging innovations, mass storage, transportation, and retailing patterns. As a consequence of these developments, substantial segments of the consuming public can be placed at risk within a short period of time. Surveillance of animals, their feeds, and other raw materials to assure that Salmonella contamination is minimized is of paramount importance. Pest control, ingredient specifications, handling requirements, improved personal hygiene practices, proper clothing, and prevention of foods to access by workmen who are ill or have cuts, sores, or boils are of equal importance to the maintenance of quality. Other requisites for holding salmonellae in check are the elimination of dust, debris, and refuse from the plant; proper cleaning of equipment and utensils in contact with foods; inactivation of microorganisms by the application of cold or heat; rigid control of ingredients; and segregation of finished products so that cross-contamination is not possible. The role of the producer, processor, warehouse man, trucker, regulatory and public health officials, doctor, retailer, and consumer in contributing to this chain of infection must be properly assessed.

scholarly journals The Biographies of Bodily Ornaments from Indigenous Settlements of the Dominican Republic (AD 800–1600)

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Guzzo Falci ◽  
Dominique Ngan-Tillard ◽  
Corinne L. Hofman ◽  
Annelou Van Gijn
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Greater Antilles ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Regional Interaction ◽  
Microwear Analysis ◽  
Definition Of

In this study, we generate novel insights regarding bodily ornaments from indigenous societies of late precolonial Greater Antilles. Previous research has highlighted the sociopolitical role of valuable, exotic, and figurative ornaments, yet there are many gaps in our current understanding of these artifacts. Here, we focus on ornaments from five recently excavated sites in the Dominican Republic (AD 800–1600). We used microwear analysis to investigate each ornament and assess its production sequence and use life. These data permitted the definition of morpho-technical groups, which we then compared to depositional contexts and the regional availability of raw materials. We demonstrate that (1) there was small-scale production of ornaments at the sites, (2) the most recurrent morpho-technical groups were likely imported from production centers, and (3) ornaments of the same group could lead different use lives and be deposited through varied processes. We conclude that bodily ornaments had highly diverse biographies involving local and regional interaction networks.

scholarly journals Small-Scale Biodiesel Production Plants—An Overview

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1901
Author(s):  
Maria Gabriela De Paola ◽  
Ivan Mazza ◽  
Rosy Paletta ◽  
Catia Giovanna Lopresto ◽  
Vincenza Calabrò
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
Renewable Energy Storage

Small-scale plants that produce biodiesel have many social, economic and environmental advantages. Indeed, small plants significantly contribute to renewable energy production and rural development. Communities can use/reuse local raw materials and manage independently processes to obtain biofuels by essential, simple, flexible and cheap tools for self-supply. The review and understanding of recent plants of small biodiesel production is essential to identify limitations and critical units for improvement of the current process. Biodiesel production consists of four main stages, that are pre-treatment of oils, reaction, separation of products and biodiesel purification. Among lots of possibilities, waste cooking oils were chosen as cheap and green sources to produce biodiesel by base-catalyzed transesterification in a batch reactor. In this paper an overview on small-scale production plants is presented with the aim to put in evidence process, materials, control systems, energy consumption and economic parameters useful for the project and design of such scale of plants. Final considerations related to the use of biodiesel such as renewable energy storage (RES) in small communities are discussed too.

scholarly journals Capitalizing on the Potential of South African Indigenous Beef Cattle Breeds: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4388
Author(s):  
Este Van Marle-Köster ◽  
Carina Visser ◽  
Judith Sealy ◽  
Laurent Frantz
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
Indigenous Cattle ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Beef Cattle Breeds

Cattle populations arrived in Southern Africa almost 2000 years ago, brought by farming communities migrating southwards. For centuries, cattle have been an integral component of livestock production to meet the animal protein needs of a growing population and they are also important in many cultural and religious events, as repositories of wealth and signifiers of social status. Selection within these cattle populations led to the development of breeds such as the Nguni, Afrikaner and Drakensberger that are well adapted to the local production environment. Genetic information has been generated for most of these populations, providing new insights into their ancestry and indicating moderate levels of diversity and relatively low inbreeding. Indigenous cattle breeds are present in both the well-developed commercial sector as well as the developing South African livestock sector. These breeds have been included in several research studies, mostly focusing on their production and adaptive potential. Genetic improvement of the local cattle populations and breeds, which are often more resilient to local environmental conditions, has the potential to improve the productivity of the small-scale production developing sector and contribute to the alleviation of poverty.

scholarly journals Performance Comparison of Industrially Produced Formaldehyde Using Two Different Catalysts

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamran Shakeel ◽  
Muqaddam Javaid ◽  
Yusra Muazzam ◽  
Salman Raza Naqvi ◽  
Syed Ali Ammar Taqvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Compact Size ◽  
Utility Cost

Formaldehyde is an important industrial chemical that is a strong-smelling and colorless gas. It is used in a number of processes such as making household products and building materials, glues and adhesives, resins, certain insulation materials, etc. Formaldehyde can be produced industrially using air and methanol as raw materials in the presence of metal oxide catalyst or silver-based catalyst. The operating conditions and requirements of the process depend on the type of catalyst used. Therefore, a comparative study of both processes was conducted, and the results were compared. It was observed that the silver-based catalyst process has a compact plant size since the amount of air required is halved as compared to the metal oxide process. Thus, it appears that the silver-based catalyst process is more suitable for small-scale production due to its compact size and reduced utility cost.

scholarly journals Adoption and Promotion of Resilient Crops for Climate Risk Mitigation and Import Substitution: A Case Analysis of Cassava for South African Agriculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assefa B. Amelework ◽  
Michael W. Bairu ◽  
Obakeng Maema ◽  
Sonja L. Venter ◽  
Mark Laing
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Food Security ◽  
South African ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Cassava Production ◽  
Small Scale Farmers

Cassava is an important starchy root crop grown globally in tropical and subtropical regions. The ability of cassava to withstand difficult growing conditions and long-term storability underground makes it a resilient crop, contributing to food security. Historically, small-scale farmers have grown cassava as a minor crop in the far north-eastern part of the country. However, there is an initiative to scale up cassava production, with two discrete areas of interest: large-scale production for industrial starch, and expanding its footprint as a food security crop for small-scale farmers, especially in the context of climate change. In this scoping study, production, processing and marketing data for cassava were accessed from the FAO and US Commercial trade databases. Other domestic market and demand analysis case studies were also explored. There is no cassava data available for South Africa. The study indicated that South Africa imports more than 66,000 tons of starch annually, of which 33% is cassava starch, showing the availability of a local market. The potential of cassava for the South African economy is discussed. Significant industrial opportunities exist for the production and use of cassava in South Africa. However, the realization of these opportunities will depend on the reliable supply of good quality cassava roots. However, the lack of a well-established cassava research program, and a lack of an existing value chain for the industrial scale cassava production and processing are barriers to the development of cassava industry in South Africa. As the initial step to the development of a successful cassava industry, high potential germplasm is imported, characterized and bred for local conditions to ensure the sustainable primary production of cassava. Subsequently, industrial value chains will need to be developed as the optimization of the breeding and agronomy of the crop are completed, and yield potentials are quantified in the different regions of the country.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OF CA DONG PEOPLE IN RESETTLEMENT AREA OF TRANH RIVER HYDROPOWER NUMBER 2: CURRENT SITUATION AND IMPACT FACTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bùi Thị Bích Lan
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Technical Application ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Role Of The State

In Vietnam, the construction of hydropower projects has contributed significantly in the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country. The place where hydropower projects are built is mostly inhabited by ethnic minorities - communities that rely primarily on land, a very important source of livelihood security. In the context of the lack of common productive land in resettlement areas, the orientation for agricultural production is to promote indigenous knowledge combined with increasing scientific and technical application; shifting from small-scale production practices to large-scale commodity production. However, the research results of this article show that many obstacles in the transition process are being posed such as limitations on natural resources, traditional production thinking or the suitability and effectiveness of scientific - technical application models. When agricultural production does not ensure food security, a number of implications for people’s lives are increasingly evident, such as poverty, preserving cultural identity, social relations and resource protection. Since then, it has set the role of the State in researching and building appropriate agricultural production models to exploit local strengths and ensure sustainability.

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