scholarly journals Small-Scale Biodiesel Production Plants—An Overview

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1901
Author(s):  
Maria Gabriela De Paola ◽  
Ivan Mazza ◽  
Rosy Paletta ◽  
Catia Giovanna Lopresto ◽  
Vincenza Calabrò
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
Renewable Energy Storage

Small-scale plants that produce biodiesel have many social, economic and environmental advantages. Indeed, small plants significantly contribute to renewable energy production and rural development. Communities can use/reuse local raw materials and manage independently processes to obtain biofuels by essential, simple, flexible and cheap tools for self-supply. The review and understanding of recent plants of small biodiesel production is essential to identify limitations and critical units for improvement of the current process. Biodiesel production consists of four main stages, that are pre-treatment of oils, reaction, separation of products and biodiesel purification. Among lots of possibilities, waste cooking oils were chosen as cheap and green sources to produce biodiesel by base-catalyzed transesterification in a batch reactor. In this paper an overview on small-scale production plants is presented with the aim to put in evidence process, materials, control systems, energy consumption and economic parameters useful for the project and design of such scale of plants. Final considerations related to the use of biodiesel such as renewable energy storage (RES) in small communities are discussed too.

scholarly journals Pre-Treatment of Waste Frying Oils for Biodiesel Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nyoman Puspa Asri ◽  
Diah Agustina Puspita Sari
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Price ◽  
Composite Catalyst ◽  
Frying Oils ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Waste Frying Oils ◽  
Pre Treatment

Synthesis of biodiesel is a strategic step in overcoming energy scarcity and the environmental degradationcaused by the continuous use of the petroleum based energy. Biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engine isproduced from renewable resources such as vegetable oils and animal fats. The main obstacle in the biodieselproduction is the high price of the raw materials, resulting in the price of biodiesel is not competitive comparedto the petroleum diesel. Therefore, the use of waste frying oils (WFO) is one way to reduce the cost of biodieselproduction, because of its availability and low price. In the present work, WFO from California Fried chicken(CFC) restaurants in Surabaya were used as feed stock for the biodiesel production. The experiments wereconducted using three steps of processes: pre-treatment of WFO, preparation of alumina based compositecatalyst CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3 and transesterification of treated WFO. WFO was treated by several types and variousamounts of activated adsobents. The treated WFO was transesterified in three neck glass batch reactor withrefluxed methanol using CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3. The results reveal that the best method for treating WFO is using 7.5%(wt. % to WFO) of coconut coir. Alumina based composite catalyst CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3 was very promising fortransesterification of WFO into biodiesel. The yield of biodiesel was 83% and obtained at 65ºC, 5 h of reactiontime, 1:18 of molar ratio WFO to methanol and 6% amount of catalyst.

scholarly journals Utilization of Waste Grooved Razor Shell (GRS) as a Catalyst in Biodiesel Production from Refined and Waste Cooking Oils

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdellah Aitlaalim ◽  
Fatiha Ouanji ◽  
Abdellah Benzaouak ◽  
Mohammed El Mahi ◽  
El Mostapha Lotfi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Cooking Oils

Biodiesel is a potential alternative for fossil fuel. However, its large-scale application is held up by the disadvantage of a homogenous process, the scarce availability of raw materials and the production cost, which is higher than for fossil diesel. In this work, biodiesel production was carried out using both refined and used cooking oils. The process was investigated in a batch reactor, in the presence of CaO as a heterogeneous catalyst prepared by the calcination of the natural Waste Grooved Razor Shell (GRS). Characterizations by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermal Gravimetric (TG)/Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) showed that the as-received GRS consists of aragonite, (i.e., CaCO3) as the main component and of water and organic matter in a lower amount. After calcination at 900 °C, CaO was formed as the only crystalline phase. The effects of several experimental parameters in the transesterification reactions were studied, and their impact on the produced biodiesel properties was investigated. The studied variables were the methanol/oil molar ratio, the catalyst weight percentage (with respect to the oil mass), the calcination temperature of the parent GRS and the recycling and regeneration of the catalyst. The physico-chemical and fuel properties, i.e., viscosity, density and acid value of used oils and of the produced biodiesel, were determined by conventional methods (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods) and compared with the European standards of biodiesel. The optimal identified conditions were the following: the use of a 15:1 methanol/oil molar ratio and 5 wt% of CaO with respect to the oil mass. After 3 h of reaction at 65 °C, the biodiesel yield was equal to 94% and 99% starting from waste and refined oils, respectively.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC PROFITABILITY OF THE UTILIZATION OF HOMEMADE ORGANIC PESTICIDE FOR SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION OF Brassica Napus L. Varchinensis (PECHAY)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
Steven A. Loneria ◽  
Eunice L. Lluz
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hot Pepper ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Effective Level ◽  
Pre Treatment

The study focused on the economic profitability of the utilization of homemade organic pesticide for small scale production of Brassica napus L. varchinensis (Pechay). An experiment was undertaken at the Palayamanan Program at the University of Eastern Philippines to determine the effectiveness of homemade organic pesticide in controlling or preventing insect infestation in Pechay, to find out the effective level of this homemade pesticide and to determine the economic profitability of using homemade organic pesticide and insecticide. To explore the use of homemade extract from garlic, Allium sativum L., hot pepper, Capsicum frutescens L., vinegar and mineral oil in the management of insect pests of Pechay. The design used was the randomized complete block design (RCBD) and the data gathered were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and DMRT at 5% level of significant. There were five treatments made up of 50% extracted organic insecticide diluted in 500ml and 1 litter of water  treatment before the insects will attack (pre–treatment) in weekly intervals and separate application of the same formulation of  the treatment after the insect will attack (post-treatment) two days interval and control without any treatment. The result of the study showed that those that gained higher profitable weight in treatment plots were the post – treatment.

scholarly journals Synthesis of ZnO/CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste for Biodiesel Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Dino Wicaksono ◽  
Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Catalyst Activity ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Active Metal ◽  
Eggshell Waste

The diminishing of fossil fuel reserve has raised a consideration on the renewable energy development. Biodiesel is among the promising renewable energy which is feasible for large-scale production. Biodiesel is generally synthesized through the alkaline-catalyst transesterification of vegetable oil. The common catalyst for biodiesel is homogeneous base catalysts which are active but show several drawbacks related to the environmental aspects. Therefore, development of heterogeneous alkaline catalyst for biodiesel production is critical. CaO catalyst is considered a favourable heterogeneous base catalyst for transesterification reaction and it can be derived from various natural resources. In this work, CaO catalyst from eggshell was synthesized from eggshell waste. To improve the catalyst activity, CaO was combined with ZnO active metal, resulting ZnO/CaO catalyst. In this research, the development, characterization, and application of ZnO/CaO catalyst for waste cooking oil (WCO) transesterification to produce biodiesel has been investigated. Various concentration of ZnO was combined with CaO to determine the best formulation of ZnO/CaO catalyst development. It was demonstrated that the addition of ZnO active metal on CaO catalyst could remarkably improve the biodiesel yield through WCO transesterification reaction. The addition of 6% ZnO active metal on CaO, forming ZnO/CaO 6% catalyst, has exhibited the optimal enhancement of biodiesel yield. Furthermore, it was found that the optimum amount of ZnO/CaO 6% catalyst added in the reaction system was 3% w/w catalyst/WCO.

Wastewater reclamation systems in small communities

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Alcalde ◽  
M. Folch ◽  
J.C. Tapias ◽  
E. Huertas ◽  
A. Torrens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection

The demands established in the rules and regulations by the administration in Catalonia seem to exclude small communities from wastewater reclamation and reuse, due to the comparatively high costs associated with the practice at small scale. In the framework of the DRAC project (Demonstration on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in Catalonia) two different pre-treatment systems, one extensive (infiltration–percolation) and another intensive (ring filter), each one followed by chlorine dioxide disinfection, were tested in order to be applied for small communities wastewater reclamation and reuse. The results of this study show that infiltration–percolation systems remove very efficiently physico-chemical contaminants and microorganisms. The ring filter system does not show a significant removal rate of contaminants. The use of infiltration–percolation as a pre-treatment for advanced chemical disinfection allows reducing the dose of disinfectant and the contact time needed to achieve a specific water quality, and diminishes disinfection by-products (DBPs) generation. Therefore, this reclamation line is suitable for small communities due to its efficiency and low cost. However, further studies are needed in relation to the removal mechanisms of microorganisms, organic compounds in IP systems and the possible DBPs formation using chlorine dioxide.

scholarly journals The Biographies of Bodily Ornaments from Indigenous Settlements of the Dominican Republic (AD 800–1600)

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Guzzo Falci ◽  
Dominique Ngan-Tillard ◽  
Corinne L. Hofman ◽  
Annelou Van Gijn
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Greater Antilles ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Regional Interaction ◽  
Microwear Analysis ◽  
Definition Of

In this study, we generate novel insights regarding bodily ornaments from indigenous societies of late precolonial Greater Antilles. Previous research has highlighted the sociopolitical role of valuable, exotic, and figurative ornaments, yet there are many gaps in our current understanding of these artifacts. Here, we focus on ornaments from five recently excavated sites in the Dominican Republic (AD 800–1600). We used microwear analysis to investigate each ornament and assess its production sequence and use life. These data permitted the definition of morpho-technical groups, which we then compared to depositional contexts and the regional availability of raw materials. We demonstrate that (1) there was small-scale production of ornaments at the sites, (2) the most recurrent morpho-technical groups were likely imported from production centers, and (3) ornaments of the same group could lead different use lives and be deposited through varied processes. We conclude that bodily ornaments had highly diverse biographies involving local and regional interaction networks.

scholarly journals Feasibility Evaluation of a Biodiesel Plant fed by Recycled Edible Oils Comparing two Alternative Production Technologies

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1019-1028 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Edible Oils ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Feasibility Evaluation ◽  
Industrial Unit ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Cooking Oils

<div> <p>The present work is about the techno-economic evaluation of a biodiesel industrial unit that exclusively use recycled edible oils as feedstock, for two alternative production technologies. Nowadays, many biodiesel production units use a mixture of virgin vegetable oils and waste cooking oils. The examined unit will use only waste cooking oil as raw material. Thus, two different methods for biodiesel production are assessed on a financial basis for different biodiesel prices. The investigated methods are the alkaline transesterification (a very common biodiesel production method) and the supercritical transesterification (a method with non sensitivity in moisture and free fatty acids and thus not requiring a pre-treatment stage). According to the financial evaluation, the acceptance of the project for each technology is strongly affected by biodiesel&rsquo;s price. The results showed that the alkaline transesterification based project is accepted for the whole examined prices&rsquo; range while for supercritical transesterification, the project is accepted for biodiesel prices of about 0.75-0.85 &euro;/L.&nbsp;</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p>

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