scholarly journals Introducing the Amphibious Mudskipper Goby as a Unique Model to Evaluate Neuro/Endocrine Regulation of Behaviors Mediated by Buccal Sensation and Corticosteroids

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6748
Author(s):  
Yukitoshi Katayama ◽  
Kazuhiro Saito ◽  
Tatsuya Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Buccal Cavity ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Endocrine Regulation ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Unique Model ◽  
Periophthalmodon Schlosseri ◽  
The Brain

Some fish have acquired the ability to breathe air, but these fish can no longer flush their gills effectively when out of water. Hence, they have developed characteristic means for defense against external stressors, including thirst (osmolarity/ions) and toxicity. Amphibious fish, extant air-breathing fish emerged from water, may serve as models to examine physiological responses to these stressors. Some of these fish, including mudskipper gobies such as Periophthalmodon schlosseri, Boleophthalmus boddarti and our Periophthalmus modestus, display distinct adaptational behaviors to these factors compared with fully aquatic fish. In this review, we introduce the mudskipper goby as a unique model to study the behaviors and the neuro/endocrine mechanisms of behavioral responses to the stressors. Our studies have shown that a local sensation of thirst in the buccal cavity—this being induced by dipsogenic hormones—motivates these fish to move to water through a forebrain response. The corticosteroid system, which is responsive to various stressors, also stimulates migration, possibly via the receptors in the brain. We suggest that such fish are an important model to deepen insights into the stress-related neuro/endocrine-behavioral effects.

scholarly journals Social instigation and repeated aggressive confrontations in male Swiss mice: analysis of plasma corticosterone, CRF and BDNF levels in limbic brain areas

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Madeira Fortes ◽  
Lucas Albrechet-Souza ◽  
Mailton Vasconcelos ◽  
Bruna Maria Ascoli ◽  
Ana Paula Menegolla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Resident Intruder

Abstract Introduction: Agonistic behaviors help to ensure survival, provide advantage in competition, and communicate social status. The resident-intruder paradigm, an animal model based on male intraspecific confrontations, can be an ethologically relevant tool to investigate the neurobiology of aggressive behavior. Objectives: To examine behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of aggressive behavior in male Swiss mice exposed to repeated confrontations in the resident intruder paradigm. Methods: Behavioral analysis was performed in association with measurements of plasma corticosterone of mice repeatedly exposed to a potential rival nearby, but inaccessible (social instigation), or to 10 sessions of social instigation followed by direct aggressive encounters. Moreover, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) were measured in the brain of these animals. Control mice were exposed to neither social instigation nor aggressive confrontations. Results: Mice exposed to aggressive confrontations exhibited a similar pattern of species-typical aggressive and non-aggressive behaviors on the first and the last session. Moreover, in contrast to social instigation only, repeated aggressive confrontations promoted an increase in plasma corticosterone. After 10 aggressive confrontation sessions, mice presented a non-significant trend toward reducing hippocampal levels of CRF, which inversely correlated with plasma corticosterone levels. Conversely, repeated sessions of social instigation or aggressive confrontation did not alter BDNF concentrations at the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Conclusion: Exposure to repeated episodes of aggressive encounters did not promote habituation over time. Additionally, CRF seems to be involved in physiological responses to social stressors.

On the anatomic relation of choroid plexus to brain: a comparative study

1980 ◽  
Vol 238 (1) ◽  
pp. R76-R81 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Cserr ◽  
M. Bundgaard ◽  
J. K. Ashby ◽  
M. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Ventricular Volume ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Original Proposal ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Choroid Plexuses ◽  
The Brain

The size of choroid plexuses and cerebral ventricles relative to brain varies widely among vertebrates. The functional significance of this variability has attracted little attention since Herrick's original proposal that large choroid plexuses might enhance oxygen delivery to the brain and therefore be of adaptive value in the transition of vertebrates from water to air breathing. We compared choroid plexus and brain weight or ventricular and brain volume in 40 species from nine vertebrate groups. Both choroid plexus weight and ventricular volume were unrelated to brain size. Plexus weight ranged from 0 to 5.2% of brain weight and ventricular volume from 0.9 to 132% of brain volume. Amid this diversity the dipnoans, chondrosteans, holosteans, amphibians, and crossopterygian examined in this study are exceptional in uniformly having large plexuses. The adaptive significance of large choroid plexuses may lie in the presence of specific homeostatic mechanisms and their role in the response to the increases in PCO2 that accompany the transition to air breathing.

scholarly journals Action video gaming and the brain: fMRI effects without behavioral effects in visual and verbal cognitive tasks

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e00877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Richlan ◽  
Juliane Schubert ◽  
Rebecca Mayer ◽  
Florian Hutzler ◽  
Martin Kronbichler
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Video Gaming ◽  
Brain Fmri ◽  
The Brain

Gastrointestinal satiety signals II. Cholecystokinin

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (2) ◽  
pp. G183-G188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy H. Moran ◽  
Kimberly P. Kinzig
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Digestive Process ◽  
Important Mediator ◽  
Gastrointestinal Peptides ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Gastrointestinal Activity

During a meal, ingested nutrients accumulate in the stomach, with a significant portion passing on to the small intestine. The gastrointestinal presence of ingested nutrients initiates a range of physiological responses that serve to facilitate the overall digestive process. Thus peptides and transmitters are released, and various neural elements are activated that coordinate gastrointestinal secretion and motility and can eventually lead to meal termination or satiety. Among the range of gastrointestinal peptides released by ingested nutrients is the brain/gut peptide CCK. CCK plays a variety of roles in coordinating gastrointestinal activity and has been demonstrated to be an important mediator for the control of meal size.

scholarly journals PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN SEVERE HEAD INJURY "A CLINICO RADIOLOGICAL STUDY"

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. I. D. Chaurasia ◽  
Dr. Avais Ahmed Khan ◽  
Dr. Neeraj Mane ◽  
Dr. Prateek Malpani ◽  
Dr. M. C. Songara
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Severe Head Injury ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Auditory Stimulation ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types

Overview:  Infants experience stressors. Stress responses in infants include physiological responses (HR and oxygen saturation) and behavioral responses (behavioral state, motor activity, and signs of behavioral distress). Modulation of the stress response in infants may reduce energy demands and enhance recovery. The characteristics of auditory stimulation provided by music differ from those of other types of auditory stimulation. The infants respond differently to music than to other random noises. This study was carried out to examine the effects of different types of music on vital signs of infants. Methodology: Thirty infants were included in the study. They were divided into two groups. Low and High pitched music was used with for two individual groups. The immediate effect was assessed through pre and post recordings for Heart rate, Reapiratory rate and O2 saturation level. Results: There was statistically significant change in Heart Rate, Respiratory Rate and O2 saturation individually. While comparing post data, except Heart Rate there was no significant difference found with both types of music. Conclusion: Low pitched music has better immediate effect than high pitched music Key words: High pitched music, Low pitched music, Infants

scholarly journals Brain type I but not type II IL-1 receptors mediate the effects of IL-1β on behavior in mice

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (3) ◽  
pp. R735-R740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Cremona ◽  
Emmanuelle Goujon ◽  
Keith W. Kelley ◽  
Robert Dantzer ◽  
Patricia Parnet
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Behavioral Effect ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Social Exploration ◽  
Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
The Brain

In the immune system, interleukin (IL)-1β effects are mediated by the type I IL-1 receptors (IL-1RI), whereas the type II IL-1 receptors (IL-1RII) act as inhibitory receptors. IL-1RI and IL-1RII are also present in the brain. To study their functionality in the brain, mice were centrally treated with neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) directed against IL-1RI (35F5, 1 μg) or against IL-1RII (4E2, 2 μg) and were centrally injected with recombinant rat IL-1β at a dose (2 ng) that decreased social exploration. Only 35F5 was effective in abrogating the behavioral effect of IL-1β. Moreover, 4E2 (1 μg icv) did not potentiate the behavioral response to a subthreshold dose of IL-1β (1 ng icv). To examine the ability of brain IL-1RI to mediate the effects of endogenous IL-1β, mice were centrally treated with 35F5 (4 μg) and peripherally injected with IL-1β (1 μg). Like IL-1 receptor antagonist (4 μg icv), 35F5 abrogated the effects of IL-1β. These results suggest that brain IL-1RI mediates the behavioral effects of IL-1β in mice.

Physiological and Behavioral Reactions of Fishes to Temperature Change

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 730-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. I. Crawshaw
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Teleost Fishes ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Key Words Fish ◽  
Produce Acid

Teleost fishes possess a central nervous system thermoregulatory mechanism remarkably similar to that of other vertebrates. Inputs from peripheral and anterior brainstem thermosensitive elements are integrated to effect appropriate thermoregulatory responses. The integrated output signal from the thermoregulatory center also appears to provide an input to the respiratory system. Short-term deviations from a given temperature alter respiratory requirements, produce acid–base imbalance, and cause disturbances in fluid–electrolyte regulation. Acclimation to a given temperature involves changes that counteract these disturbances. Key words: fish, temperature change, behavioral responses, physiological responses, temperature regulation

Difficulties with synaptic theory of learning and memory and possible remedies

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 550-551
Author(s):  
Mikhail N. Zhadin
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Hebbian Learning ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Learning Rules ◽  
The Brain

The absence of a clear influence of an animal's behavioral responses to Hebbian associative learning in the cerebral cortex requires some changes in the Hebbian learning rules. The participation of the brain monoaminergic systems in Hebbian associative learning is considered.

Rapid brain cooling in diving ducks

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (2) ◽  
pp. R363-R371
Author(s):  
Michał Caputa ◽  
Lars Folkow ◽  
Arnoldus Schytte Blix
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Buccal Cavity ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Brain Cooling ◽  
Selective Brain Cooling ◽  
Diving Ducks ◽  
Pekin Ducks ◽  
Hypoxic Brain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Crushed Ice

Hypothermia may limit asphyxic damages to the brain, and many small homeotherms have been shown to use anapyrexic strategies when exposed to asphyxic conditions. Larger homeotherms do not seem to use the same strategy, but could save oxygen and prevent hypoxic brain damage by employing selective brain cooling (SBC) in connection with asphyxia. To test the hypothesis that selective brain cooling may take place in connection with asphyxia, we have recorded brain [hypothalamic (THyp)] and body [colonic (TC)] temperatures and heart rates in four Pekin ducks during 5-min simulated (head submersion) diving in cold water (10°C). Diving resulted in a drop in THyp (3.1 ± 1.4°C) that continued into the recovery period ( P < 0.001). Restricting heat loss from the buccal cavity and eyes during diving compromised brain cooling in an additive manner. TC was not influenced by diving. Control cooling of the head with crushed ice during a 5-min period of undisturbed breathing had no effect on THyp. Warm water (35°C) markedly reduced brain cooling, and dive capacity was reduced by ∼14% ( P < 0.05) compared with diving in water at 10°C. The data suggest that SBC is used in ducks during diving, and we propose that this mechanism may enable the bird to save oxygen for prolonged aerobic submergence and to protect the brain from asphyxic damages.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document