Gastrointestinal satiety signals II. Cholecystokinin

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (2) ◽  
pp. G183-G188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy H. Moran ◽  
Kimberly P. Kinzig
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Digestive Process ◽  
Important Mediator ◽  
Gastrointestinal Peptides ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Gastrointestinal Activity

During a meal, ingested nutrients accumulate in the stomach, with a significant portion passing on to the small intestine. The gastrointestinal presence of ingested nutrients initiates a range of physiological responses that serve to facilitate the overall digestive process. Thus peptides and transmitters are released, and various neural elements are activated that coordinate gastrointestinal secretion and motility and can eventually lead to meal termination or satiety. Among the range of gastrointestinal peptides released by ingested nutrients is the brain/gut peptide CCK. CCK plays a variety of roles in coordinating gastrointestinal activity and has been demonstrated to be an important mediator for the control of meal size.

scholarly journals Social instigation and repeated aggressive confrontations in male Swiss mice: analysis of plasma corticosterone, CRF and BDNF levels in limbic brain areas

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Madeira Fortes ◽  
Lucas Albrechet-Souza ◽  
Mailton Vasconcelos ◽  
Bruna Maria Ascoli ◽  
Ana Paula Menegolla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Resident Intruder

Abstract Introduction: Agonistic behaviors help to ensure survival, provide advantage in competition, and communicate social status. The resident-intruder paradigm, an animal model based on male intraspecific confrontations, can be an ethologically relevant tool to investigate the neurobiology of aggressive behavior. Objectives: To examine behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of aggressive behavior in male Swiss mice exposed to repeated confrontations in the resident intruder paradigm. Methods: Behavioral analysis was performed in association with measurements of plasma corticosterone of mice repeatedly exposed to a potential rival nearby, but inaccessible (social instigation), or to 10 sessions of social instigation followed by direct aggressive encounters. Moreover, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) were measured in the brain of these animals. Control mice were exposed to neither social instigation nor aggressive confrontations. Results: Mice exposed to aggressive confrontations exhibited a similar pattern of species-typical aggressive and non-aggressive behaviors on the first and the last session. Moreover, in contrast to social instigation only, repeated aggressive confrontations promoted an increase in plasma corticosterone. After 10 aggressive confrontation sessions, mice presented a non-significant trend toward reducing hippocampal levels of CRF, which inversely correlated with plasma corticosterone levels. Conversely, repeated sessions of social instigation or aggressive confrontation did not alter BDNF concentrations at the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Conclusion: Exposure to repeated episodes of aggressive encounters did not promote habituation over time. Additionally, CRF seems to be involved in physiological responses to social stressors.

scholarly journals Amylin receptor blockade stimulates food intake in rats

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (3) ◽  
pp. R568-R574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Reidelberger ◽  
Alvin C. Haver ◽  
Urban Arnelo ◽  
D. David Smith ◽  
Courtney S. Schaffert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Liquid Diet ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Meal Frequency ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Selective Blockade ◽  
Inhibit Food Intake ◽  
Hormonal Signal ◽  
The Brain

Amylin is postulated to act as a hormonal signal from the pancreas to the brain to inhibit food intake and regulate energy reserves. Amylin potently reduces food intake, body weight, and adiposity when administered systemically or into the brain. Whether selective blockade of endogenous amylin action increases food intake and adiposity remains to be clearly established. In the present study, the amylin receptor antagonist acetyl-[Asn30, Tyr32] sCT-( 8 – 32 ) (AC187) was used to assess whether action of endogenous amylin is essential for normal satiation to occur. Non-food-deprived rats received a 3- to 4-h intravenous infusion of AC187 (60–2,000 pmol·kg−1·min−1), either alone or coadministered with a 3-h intravenous infusion of amylin (2.5 or 5 pmol·kg−1·min−1) or a 2-h intragastric infusion of an elemental liquid diet (4 kcal/h). Infusions began just before dark onset. Food intake and meal patterns during the first 4 h of the dark period were determined from continuous computer recordings of changes in food bowl weight. Amylin inhibited food intake by ∼50%, and AC187 attenuated this response by ∼50%. AC187 dose-dependently stimulated food intake (maximal increases from 76 to 171%), whether administered alone or with an intragastric infusion of liquid diet. Amylin reduced mean meal size and meal frequency, AC187 attenuated these responses, and AC187 administration alone increased mean meal size and meal frequency. These results support the hypothesis that endogenous amylin plays an essential role in reducing meal size and increasing the postmeal interval of satiety.

scholarly journals Pancreatic signals controlling food intake; insulin, glucagon and amylin

2006 ◽  
Vol 361 (1471) ◽  
pp. 1219-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C Woods ◽  
Thomas A Lutz ◽  
Nori Geary ◽  
Wolfgang Langhans
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Endocrine Pancreas ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Brain

The control of food intake and body weight by the brain relies upon the detection and integration of signals reflecting energy stores and fluxes, and their interaction with many different inputs related to food palatability and gastrointestinal handling as well as social, emotional, circadian, habitual and other situational factors. This review focuses upon the role of hormones secreted by the endocrine pancreas: hormones, which individually and collectively influence food intake, with an emphasis upon insulin, glucagon and amylin. Insulin and amylin are co-secreted by B-cells and provide a signal that reflects both circulating energy in the form of glucose and stored energy in the form of visceral adipose tissue. Insulin acts directly at the liver to suppress the synthesis and secretion of glucose, and some plasma insulin is transported into the brain and especially the mediobasal hypothalamus where it elicits a net catabolic response, particularly reduced food intake and loss of body weight. Amylin reduces meal size by stimulating neurons in the hindbrain, and there is evidence that amylin additionally functions as an adiposity signal controlling body weight as well as meal size. Glucagon is secreted from A-cells and increases glucose secretion from the liver. Glucagon acts in the liver to reduce meal size, the signal being relayed to the brain via the vagus nerves. To summarize, hormones of the endocrine pancreas are collectively at the crossroads of many aspects of energy homeostasis. Glucagon and amylin act in the short term to reduce meal size, and insulin sensitizes the brain to short-term meal-generated satiety signals; and insulin and perhaps amylin as well act over longer intervals to modulate the amount of fat maintained and defended by the brain. Hormones of the endocrine pancreas interact with receptors at many points along the gut–brain axis, from the liver to the sensory vagus nerve to the hindbrain to the hypothalamus; and their signals are conveyed both neurally and humorally. Finally, their actions include gastrointestinal and metabolic as well as behavioural effects.

scholarly journals Regulation of Appetite and Satiety by Gastrointestinal Peptides

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
Sarah H. Mhaibes ◽  
Najwan K. Fakree ◽  
Sonia I. Naser
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Gut Peptides ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Gastrointestinal Peptides ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
The Brain

In recent decades, global obesity has increased significantly, causing a major health problem with associated complications and major socioeconomic issues. The central nervous system (CNS), particularly the hypothalamus, regulates food intake through sensing the metabolic signals of peripheral organs and modulating feeding behaviors.  The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions such as the brain stem to perform these vital functions. The gut plays a crucial role in controlling food consumption and energy homeostasis. The gut releases orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones that interact directly with the CNS or indirectly through vagal afferent neurons. Gastrointestinal peptides (GIP) including cholecystokinin, peptide YY, Nesfatin-1, glucagon-like peptide 1, and oxyntomodulin send satiety signals to the brain and ghrelin transmit hunger signals to the brain. The GIP is essential for the control of food consumption; thus, explain the link between the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the brain is important for managing obesity and its associated diseases. This review aimed to explain the role of gut peptides in satiety and hunger control.

scholarly journals Avoidance response to CO2 in the lateral horn

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nélia Varela ◽  
Miguel Gaspar ◽  
Sophie Dias ◽  
Maria Luísa Vasconcelos
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Mushroom Body ◽  
Antennal Lobe ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Lateral Horn ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTIn flies, the olfactory information is carried from the first relay in the brain, the antennal lobe, to the mushroom body (MB) and the lateral horn (LH). Olfactory associations are formed in the MB. The LH was ascribed a role in innate responses based on the stereotyped connectivity with the antennal lobe, stereotyped physiological responses to odors and MB silencing experiments. Direct evidence for the functional role of the LH is still missing. Here we investigate the behavioral role of the LH neurons directly, using the CO2 response as a paradigm. Our results show the involvement of the LH in innate responses. Specifically, we demonstrate that activity in two sets of neurons is required for the full behavioral response to CO2. Using calcium imaging we observe that the two sets of neurons respond to CO2 in different manners. Using independent manipulation and recording of the two sets of neurons we find that the one that projects to the SIP also outputs to the local neurons within the LH. The design of simultaneous output at the LH and the SIP, an output of the MB, allows for coordination between innate and learned responses.

scholarly journals Chronic pancreatitis in children: between gastroenterologist and surgeon

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-95
Author(s):  
B. O. Kulevich ◽  
A. Yu. Razumovsky ◽  
A. N. Smirnov ◽  
V. V. Kholostova ◽  
A. I. Khavkin
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Chronic Pancreatitis ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Digestive Process ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Wide Range

The pancreas is an organ that plays a key role in the digestive process, preparing food ingredients such as proteins, fats and carbohydrates for adequate absorption in the small intestine. Today, a wide range of pathological conditions is known in which the tissue of the pancreas is affected and its functions are lost. The literature review examined various diseases that phenotypically manifest as pancreatitis, as well as various diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Pathological changes in natural infection of pheasants with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8) in Bulgaria

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-502
Author(s):  
Georgi M. Stoimenov ◽  
Gabriela V. Goujgoulova ◽  
Branimir Nikolov ◽  
Kalin Hristov ◽  
Atanaska Teneva
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Nucleic Acid Detection ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Macroscopic Findings ◽  
Mononuclear Infiltrate ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Introduction The study of histopathological changes caused by influenza A (H5N8) viral infection in bird species is essential for the understanding of their role in the spread of this highly infectious virus. However, there are few such studies under natural conditions in minor gallinaceous species. This article describes the pathomorphological findings in Colchis pheasants infected naturally with H5N8 during an epizootic outbreak in Bulgaria. Material and Methods Samples of internal organs of 10 carcasses were collected for histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation, virus isolation and identification, and nucleic acid detection. Results Consistent macroscopic findings were lesions affecting the intestine, heart, lung, and pancreas. Congestion and mononuclear infiltrate were common findings in the small intestine, as were necrosis and lymphoid clusters in the lamina propria of the caeca. Congestion with small focal necrosis and gliosis with multifocal nonpurulent encephalitis were observed in the brain. Myocardial interstitial oedema and degenerative necrobiotic processes were also detected. Immunohistological analysis confirmed systemic infection and revealed influenza virus nucleoprotein in all analysed organs. Conclusion Variable necrosis was observed in the brain, liver, trachea, heart, small intestine, and caeca. Viral antigen was commonly found in the brain, heart, lung and trachea. Contact with migrating waterfowls was suspected as a reason for the outbreak.

scholarly journals ‘The brain needs nutrition’: pupils’ connections between organizational levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-63
Author(s):  
Alma Jahic Pettersson ◽  
Lena A.E. Tibell ◽  
Ragnhild Löfgren
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Written Responses ◽  
Organizational Levels ◽  
The Brain

Previous research suggests that connecting organizational levels of biological systems is challenging forpupils. In the present study we investigated 122 pupils’ written responses to a question in a national biologytest concerning how nutrient molecules are adsorbed by the small intestine and transported to thebrain. We aimed to investigate what awareness the pupils have of the connection between the digestiveand circulatory systems. We mapped the pupil’s expressed knowledge by using content analysis whichwas performed in five steps including connection between the systems, organizational levels and scientificexplanations. We found that the most correct descriptions contained the highest number of connectionsbetween the digestive and the circulatory systems and linking of the different organizational levels. Themost correct descriptions included the highest proportion of the meso level. Therefore, knowledge at themeso level seems to be essential for grasping connections between macro- and submicro-level processes,and connections of digestion and circulation systems.

scholarly journals Vegetarians’ and Omnivores’ Affective and Physiological Responses to Food

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C Anderson ◽  
Jolie B. Wormwood ◽  
Lisa Feldman Barrett ◽  
Karen Quigley
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Affective Processing ◽  
Making Meaning ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Nervous System Activity ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Bodily States ◽  
The Brain

Many vegetarians report that meat is unpleasant, but little else is known about their affective responses to meat and non-meat foods. Here we explored affective responses to food in vegetarians and omnivores and tested the hypothesis that vegetarians have global differences in affective processing (e.g., increased disgust sensitivity). We presented pictures of different food items and recorded participants’ affective experience while we recorded peripheral physiology. We found that vegetarians' self-reported experience of meat was less pleasant than omnivores’, but that other food items were equally pleasant across the two groups. Moreover, vegetarians and omnivores had strikingly similar physiological responses to all food stimuli--including meat. We interpret these results from a psychological constructionist perspective, which posits that individuals conceptualize changes in their bodily states in ways that match their beliefs, such that increased sympathetic nervous system activity may be conceptualized as an experience of excitement about a delicious meat meal for omnivores but as an experience of displeasure for a vegetarian who believes meat is cruel, wasteful, impure, or unhealthy. This interpretation is consistent with emerging neuroscience evidence that the brain constructs experience by predicting and making meaning of internal sensations based on past experience and knowledge.

Immunophenotype of the inflammatory response in the central and enteric nervous systems of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) experimentally infected with parrot bornavirus 2

2022 ◽  
pp. 030098582110691
Author(s):  
Jeann Leal de Araújo ◽  
Raquel R. Rech ◽  
Aline Rodrigues-Hoffmann ◽  
Paula R. Giaretta ◽  
Cinthya Cirqueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltrate ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Nymphicus Hollandicus ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltrates ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Proventricular Dilatation Disease ◽  
The Brain

Proventricular dilatation disease is a lethal disease of psittacine birds. In this study, we characterized the local cellular immune response in the brain, proventriculus, and small intestine of 27 cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus) experimentally infected with parrot bornavirus 2 (PaBV-2). Perivascular cuffs in the brain were composed of CD3+ T-lymphocytes and Iba1+ macrophages/microglia in most cockatiels (n = 26). In the ganglia of the proventriculus, CD3+ T-lymphocytes (n = 17) and Iba1+ macrophages (n = 13) prevailed. The ganglia of the small intestine had a more homogeneous distribution of these leukocytes, including PAX5+ B-lymphocytes (n = 9), CD3+ T-lymphocytes (n = 8), and Iba1+ macrophages (n = 8). Our results indicate that perivascular cuffs in the brain and the inflammatory infiltrate in the proventriculus of PaBV-2-infected cockatiels is predominately composed of T-lymphocytes, while the inflammatory infiltrates in the ganglia of the small intestine are characterized by a mixed infiltrate composed of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document