scholarly journals Prediction of Damage to the Vehicle Underbody due to Stone Chipping

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Ju Chu ◽  
Hyo-Jun Eun ◽  
Seung-Yop Lee
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Development Cost ◽  
Statistical Probability ◽  
Critical Zones ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

In these days, there is a paradigm shift from internal-combustion-engine vehicles to electric vehicles. Most electric vehicles developed include batteries mounted at the bottom, near the rear wheels. Hence, the robust design of underbody parts against the impact of external bodies or random stone chipping needs to be made. In this study, the mathematical modeling and statistical probability analysis of stone chipping and tire slip are performed for identifying and confirming the critical zones of the vehicle underbody that may be damaged by stone chipping. Thereby, stone chipping can be predicted by simulations using the employed mathematical model, before conducting experimental verification using the existing methods. Furthermore, the development cost and time can be reduced because the elements of the designed underbody can be analyzed for robustness, and the safety factor can be established during the design stage.

scholarly journals The Development of Strategies to Reduce Exhaust Emissions from Passenger Cars in Rzeszow City—Poland. A Preliminary Assessment of the Results Produced by the Increase of E-Fleet

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1046
Author(s):  
Maksymilian Mądziel ◽  
Tiziana Campisi ◽  
Artur Jaworski ◽  
Giovanni Tesoriere
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Particulate Concentration ◽  
The Impact

Urban agglomerations close to road infrastructure are particularly exposed to harmful exhaust emissions from motor vehicles and this problem is exacerbated at road intersections. Roundabouts are one of the most popular intersection designs in recent years, making traffic flow smoother and safer, but especially at peak times they are subject to numerous stop-and-go operations by vehicles, which increase the dispersion of emissions with high particulate matter rates. The study focused on a specific area of the city of Rzeszow in Poland. This country is characterized by the current composition of vehicle fleets connected to combustion engine vehicles. The measurement of the concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) by means of a preliminary survey campaign in the vicinity of the intersection made it possible to assess the impact of vehicle traffic on the dispersion of pollutants in the air. The present report presents some strategies to be implemented in the examined area considering a comparison of current and project scenarios characterized both by a modification of the road geometry (through the introduction of a turbo roundabout) and the composition of the vehicular flow with the forthcoming diffusion of electric vehicles. The study presents an exemplified methodology for comparing scenarios aimed at optimizing strategic choices for the local administration and also shows the benefits of an increased electric fleet. By processing the data with specific tools and comparing the scenarios, it was found that a conversion of 25% of the motor vehicles to electric vehicles in the current fleet has reduced the concentration of PM10 by about 30% along the ring road, has led to a significant reduction in the length of particulate concentration of the motorway, and it has also led to a significant reduction in the length of the particulate concentration for the access roads to the intersection.

scholarly journals CFD STUDY THE IMPACT OF KEY PARAMETERS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SMOKE AND HAZARDS IN THE PREMISES

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
A. Terziev ◽  
I. Antonov ◽  
Nam Thanh Nguyen ◽  
Lien Duc Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Temperature Field Distribution ◽  
Major Task ◽  
Acoustic Insulation ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

In modern buildings more diverse and new polymeric combustible materials widely used as coverings, beddings, thermal and acoustic insulation, equipment and furniture are applied. Some of these elements are able to release large amounts of smoke and heat in a very short period of time. The building can get extremely dangerous situations in presence of fire. Since the major task of fire protection technique is protecting people from injury, some answers to the following questions are seeks: how smoke will be spread into the room, is there a chance to be taken away without burning spread, which are the general parameters defining distribution of smoke and hazards in the premises and etc. The solution of the problems raised above resorting to mathematical modeling of fires. For this purpose a numerical simulation of such processes are accomplished. Here are presented the results of spreading of smoke and hazards in a room occupied by people as particular attention is paid to a velocity and temperature field distribution. Based on the results of the numerical simulation, a scientific-based prognosis of the hazardous factors was made in order to optimize the work of the fire protection systems (smoke extraction systems, mechanical ventilation) by considering the physical characteristics of the room.

scholarly journals Transformación de un vehículo de combustión a eléctrico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Alonso Salazar Marín ◽  
Juan Felipe Arroyave Londoño
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Economic Benefit ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
The Impact

Colombia, like other developing countries, has been incorporating various electric vehicles in its automotive park, motivated by an emerging policy of incentives, a concern for the environment and health, and a high cost of fuel; however, these types of vehicles remain relatively expensive. The transformation of thermal vehicles (combustion engine) to electric vehicles becomes an interesting option, due to its low cost compared to new commercial electric vehicles and the positive environmental impact which represents. The present work illustrates the technological steps that have been required in the transformation from a traditional internal combustion vehicle to an electric one (sprint vehicle), showing the economic benefit and the impact on the attenuation of greenhouse gases. The analysis of the traction dynamics and validation with various laboratory and field (road) tests, have shown the viability of a transformed vehicle, which satisfies the power demands under different load...

scholarly journals Eco-Speed Guidance for the Mixed Traffic of Electric Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles at an Isolated Signalized Intersection

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Liu ◽  
Dong Liu ◽  
Cheng Li ◽  
Toshiyuki Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Signalized Intersection ◽  
Mixed Traffic ◽  
Mixed Traffic Flow ◽  
Energy Emissions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Guidance Model

Although electric vehicles (EVs) have been regarded as promising to reduce tailpipe emissions and energy consumption, a mixed traffic flow of EVs and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) makes the energy/emissions reduction objective more difficult because EVs and ICEVs have various general characteristics. This paper proposes a low-emission-oriented speed guidance model to address the energy/emission reduction issue under a mixed traffic flow at an isolated signalized intersection to achieve the objective of reducing emissions and total energy consumption while reducing vehicle delay and travel time. The total energy/emissions under different market penetration rates of EVs with various traffic volumes are analyzed and compared. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed speed guidance model has better performance than those without considering the impact of queues. For a certain traffic volume, the energy/emission reduction effects under speed guidance will increase with an increasing share of EVs. This paper also explores the impact of the time interval for guidance renewal on vehicle emissions in practice.

scholarly journals Quest for Sustainability: Life-Cycle Emissions Assessment of Electric Vehicles Considering Newer Li-Ion Batteries

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arminda Almeida ◽  
Nuno Sousa ◽  
João Coutinho-Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
The Impact

The number of battery electric vehicle models available in the market has been increasing, as well as their battery capacity, and these trends are likely to continue in the future as sustainable transportation goals rise in importance, supported by advances in battery chemistry and technology. Given the rapid pace of these advances, the impact of new chemistries, e.g., lithium-manganese rich cathode materials and silicon/graphite anodes, has not yet been thoroughly considered in the literature. This research estimates life cycle greenhouse gas and other air pollutants emissions of battery electric vehicles with different battery chemistries, including the above advances. The analysis methodology, which uses the greenhouse gases, regulated emissions, and energy use in transportation (GREET) life-cycle assessment model, considers 8 battery types, 13 electricity generation mixes with different predominant primary energy sources, and 4 vehicle segments (small, medium, large, and sport utility vehicles), represented by prototype vehicles, with both battery replacement and non-replacement during the life cycle. Outputs are expressed as emissions ratios to the equivalent petrol internal combustion engine vehicle and two-way analysis of variance is used to test results for statistical significance. Results show that newer Li-ion battery technology can yield significant improvements over older battery chemistries, which can be as high as 60% emissions reduction, depending on pollutant type and electricity generation mix.

Big oil in 2030: thriving (and driving) in a carbon constrained future

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Bernadette Cullinane ◽  
Steve McGill
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
New Normal ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Petroleum Companies ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

What if you knew that, 12 years from now, demand for your product would dramatically fall? What would you do? The transportation sector is responsible for more than 60% of worldwide demand for petroleum products. However, several countries have recently introduced policies banning the internal combustion engine (ICE) and/or supporting electric vehicles (EVs), which could have a major impact on this demand. Norway, India, The Netherlands, Germany, China and the UK have all made such announcements. Furthermore, the increasing affordability and reliability of EVs combined with their excellent maintenance and automation capabilities have driven EVs to become among the best-selling luxury cars available today. There is no way to be certain what the new normal of 2030 may bring for petroleum transportation fuels and the automotive industry. Forecasts range from a world dominated by EVs and substantially reduced demand for oil, to scenarios where the impact to petroleum demand is less than 10%. Whatever the future may bring, renewable energy paired with flexible and intelligent EVs is emerging as a threat, to which the petroleum and automotive industries are responding with a myriad of strategies. Throughout history, even small disruptions in supply or demand have resulted in major impacts on industry profitability. Based on case studies from around the world and work with large petroleum companies in Australia, this paper discusses how leading companies are preparing for a post-ICE world and considers what steps petroleum and automotive industry executives should be taking today to ensure that they remain vibrant and viable in the new normal of 2030 and beyond.

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency, Emissions, Tribological Challenges and Fluid Requirements of Electrified Passenger Car Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Ian Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Engine Oils ◽  
Electricity System ◽  
Vehicle Transmissions ◽  
Made In

The motivations for the move to electrified vehicles are discussed with reference to their improved energy efficiency, their potential for lower CO2 emissions (if the electricity system is decarbonized), their lower (or zero) NOx/particulate matter (PM) tailpipe emissions, and the lower overall costs for owners. Some of the assumptions made in life-cycle CO2 emissions calculations are discussed and the effect of these assumptions on the CO2 benefits of electric vehicles are made clear. A number of new tribological challenges have emerged, particularly for hybrid vehicles that have both a conventional internal combustion engine and a battery, such as the need to protect against the much greater number of stop-starts that the engine will have during its lifetime. In addition, new lubricants are required for electric vehicle transmissions systems. Although full battery electric vehicles (BEVs) will not require engine oils (as there is no engine) they will require a system to cool the batteries – alternative cooling systems are discussed, and where these are fluid based, the specific fluid requirements are outlined.

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles using Vehicle Usage Data Collected in Shanghai, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Xia ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Zhiyuan Liu ◽  
Jing Dong
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Tax Credits ◽  
License Plate ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Gasoline Price ◽  
Electric Driving ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates the economic viability of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) in Shanghai, China based on a real-world in-use PHEV dataset. To quantify PHEV drivers’ gross profit compared with internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) owners, a total cost of ownership (TCO) model is adopted taking account of vehicle retail price, tax credits, subsidies, insurance, maintenance, energy prices, and resale value. The impact of the determinants for gross profit are examined in relation to vehicle distance traveled (VDT) electrically, gasoline price, electricity price, and car-buying cost. It is found that: (1) only 10% of the deployment of PHEVs (i.e., BYD Qin) is economically viable if the benefit from a free license plate is exempt; (2) the 100-kilometer gross profit of PHEVs increases linearly with the electric driving distance, while the saving of energy cost per kilometer decreases with the total VDT; (3) PHEVs’ profit could be significantly improved by reducing the car-buying cost—a decrease of 10% in car-buying cost makes 80% of the PHEV deployment feasible; and (4) if switching the daytime charges to off-peak hours, 50% of the PHEV deployment will become feasible.

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