scholarly journals Dried Rumen Digesta Pellet Can Enhance Nitrogen Utilization in Thai Native, Wagyu-Crossbred Cattle Fed Rice Straw Based Diets

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Anuthida Seankamsorn ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Ruminal Microorganisms ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Nitrogen Intake

The goal of the current research was to study the effects of a diet of dried rumen digesta pellets (DRDP) on diet utilization, ruminal microorganisms, and ruminal microbes in Thai native, Wagyu-crossbred cattle. Four Thai native, Wagyu-crossbred, beef cattle were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to supplement DRDP levels at 0, 50, 100, and 150 g/d, respectively. Rice straw intake, total intake, and estimated energy intake varied significantly among the different DRDP levels. Nitrogen intake, apparent N absorption, and apparent N retention were significantly enhanced when compared to the 0 g/d DRDP. DRDP supplementation at 150 g/d produced the greatest apparent digestibility of crude protein compared to the group that was not fed DRDP. Supplementation of DRDP did not alter the population of protozoa, whereas the addition of 150 g DRDP significantly increased the fungal zoospore. Supplementation of DRDP at various levels did not change the concentration of volatile fatty acid (VFA) or the VFA profiles. Thus, DRDP could be an alternative strategic supplement for Thai-native, Wagyu-crossbred cattle in order to enhance N utilization and fungal zoospores.

scholarly journals Effect of glucose supply on fasting nitrogen excretion and effect of level and type of volatile fatty acid infusion on response to protein infusion in cattle

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
D. E. Meehan ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
D. J. Kyle
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
N Utilization

Two experiments were carried out on cattle nourished entirely by intragastric infusion, to determine the extent to which glucose or a glucose precursor determines the response to protein infusion in energy-undernourished animals. In order to determine the requirement for glucose in 1-year-old fasting cattle, glucose was infused at increments to supply 0, 1·5, 2·5, 3·5, 4·5, 5·5 and 6·5 g/kg metabolic body weight (W0·75) and the effects on plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and N excretion were measured. At 5·5 g glucose/kg W0·75plasma β-hydroxybutyrate was reduced to a basal level of 1·65 mmol/l and fasting N excretion reduced from 529 to 280 mg N/kg W0·75. No further reduction was observed with the higher level of 6·5 g glucose/kg W0·75. In the second trial, three steers were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design and infused with a volatile fatty acid mixture of 65, 27 and 8 mol acetic, propionic and butyric acids respectively/100 mol, either at an estimated maintenance energy level of 450 kJ/kg W0·75and supplying a calculated glucose equivalent level of 13·0 g/kg W0·75(M1A), or at 1·5 × maintenance supplying a glucose equivalent of 20 g/kg W0·75(M1·5A). Another mixture infused at the maintenance energy level contained 49, 43 and 8 mol acetic, propionic and butyric acids respectively/100 mol but with a glucose equivalent of 20 g/kg W0·75(M1P). Casein was infused at each of these energy treatments to supply 0, 200, 400, 800, 1600 and 2500 mg N/kg W0·75daily, and N balance and blood metabolites were measured. N retention increased linearly (r0·98) with casein infusion. The coefficients for N retention were 0·55, 0·57 and 0·64 for M1A, M1·5A and M1P respectively. The mean efficiency of N utilization was 0·58. The results suggest that provided the glucose need is met there is no relationship between energy supply and efficiency and level of protein retention. However, the results also indicate that glucose requirement in cattle may be higher than that previously observed in sheep.

scholarly journals The Effect of Herbage Conservation Method on Protein Value and Nitrogen Utilization in Dairy Cows

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Böttger ◽  
Paolo Silacci ◽  
Frigga Dohme-Meier ◽  
Karl-Heinz Südekum ◽  
Ueli Wyss
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Ruminal Degradability ◽  
Conservation Method

Ruminant production systems frequently rely on grassland utilization and conservation of herbage as hay or silage. Conservation affects the crude protein (CP) composition and protein value, which is particularly recognized during ensiling. The aim of the current study was to describe the effect of the conservation method on forage protein value and N utilization in dairy cows. Herbage from the same sward was cut and conserved as silage (SI), barn-dried hay (BH), or field-dried hay (FH). Laboratory evaluation indicated differences in CP fractions and ruminal degradability of CP. Conserved forages were fed to six lactating Holstein cows in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design, and N balance was assessed. Partitioning of N into milk, feces, and urine was affected only moderately. Lower concentrations of serum, milk, and also urinary urea indicated lower N turnover for FH compared to SI and BH, likely due to lower N intake for FH. However, the use efficiency of feed N for milk N did not differ between the types of forage. Further, high CP concentrations and the unbalanced concentrations of CP and energy in the forages led to excess excretion of N in all treatments and presumably superimposed effects of the conservation method on N utilization.

scholarly journals KECERNAAN NDF DAN ADF YANG MENDAPAT SUPLEMENTASI UREA MOLASSES MULTINUTRIENT BLOCK (UMMB) DARI BEBERAPA JENIS LIMBAH PERTANIAN DAN RUMPUT LAPANG PADA SAPI PERANAKAN ONGOLE (PO)

ZOOTEC ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Giandi Grahadi Turangan ◽  
B. Tulung ◽  
Y.R.L. Tulung ◽  
M.R. Waani
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Peanut Straw

NDF AND ADF DIGESTIBILITY WHICH GET THE SUPPLEMENTED UREA MOLASSES MULTINUTRIENT BLOCK (UMMB) OF SOME CROP RESIDUES TYPE AND LOCAL GRASS ON ONGOLE CROSSBRED CATTLE. A research evaluating dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility of crops residues and local grass supplemented urea molasses multinutrient block (UMMB) on Ongole crossbred cattle (PO). Four male PO cattle, 12 – 18 months of age with ± 100 kg of body weight were used in this experiment. Latin Square Design 4 x 4 with 4 cows and 4 treatments was used. The treatments were : R1 : UMMB + local grass, R2: UMMB + Corn straw, R3: UMMB + Rice straw, and R4: UMMB + peanut straw. The results showed that there were significant effect (P<0.01) of treatments on NDF and ADF digestibility. C1 showed that NDF and ADF digestibility of local grass (68.44% and 61.37%) were higher (P<0.05) compared to crop residues (corn straw 65.25% and 58.59%, rice straw 62.63% dan 52.80%, and peanut straw 67.53% and 59.81%) respectively. C2 showed that NDF and ADF digestibility of legume straw was higher than grasses straw; and C3 showed that  NDF and ADF digestibility of rice straw was lower than corn straw. The results have concluded that : 1. NDF and ADF digestibility of local grass were higher compared to crop residues. 2. NDF and ADF digestibility of legume straw (peanut straw) was higher than grasses straw  (corn straw and ricce straw);3. NDF and ADF digestibility of  corn straw was higher than peanut straw.Key words: NDF and ADF digestibility, crop residues, UMMB, ongole crossbred cattle

scholarly journals Effects of Decreasing Dietary Crude Protein Level on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestion, Serum Metabolites, and Nitrogen Utilization in Growing Goat Kids (Capra. hircus)

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Zhu ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Congcong Wei ◽  
Zijun Zhang ◽  
Chunchao Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Serum Metabolites ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Nutrient Digestion ◽  
Nitrogen Intake

The effects of decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) level on growth performance, nutrient digestion, serum metabolites, and nitrogen utilization in growing goat kids were investigated in the current study. Thirty-six male Anhui white goat kids were randomly assigned to one of three CP content diets: 14.8% (control), 13.4%, and 12.0% of dry matter, respectively. Diets were isoenergetic. The experiment lasted for 14 weeks, with the first two weeks being for adaptation. Results showed that the low-CP diet decreased average daily gain, feed efficiency, digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and fiber. No significant changes were observed in dry-matter intake. With a decrease in dietary CP level, fecal nitrogen excretion (% of nitrogen intake) increased linearly, whereas CP intake, blood urea nitrogen, urinary nitrogen excretion (% of nitrogen intake), and total nitrogen excretion (% of nitrogen intake) decreased. Serum glucose concentration decreased, while concentrations of low-density lipoproteins and non-esterified fatty acids increased with the low-CP diet. In conclusion, decreasing the dietary CP level decreased goats’ nitrogen excretion, but with restrictive effects on growth performance. A diet containing 13.4% CP is optimal for reducing nitrogen excretion without any adverse effect on growth performance of Anhui white goat kids. This concentration is 1.4% points lower than the NRC recommendations and thus is also environmentally beneficial on the input side because it decreases the use of feed (soy) protein.

scholarly journals Effects of cutting time and maceration on preference and nitrogen balance in beef steers fed mixed birdsfoot trefoil–timothy grass hay cut at sunrise or sundown

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz H P Silva ◽  
André F Brito ◽  
Carole Lafrenière ◽  
Robert Berthiaume
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Timothy Grass ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Speed Up

Abstract Forages cut at sundown usually contain a greater concentration of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) than those cut at sunrise. Maceration can speed up the rate of moisture loss of cut forage during field drying and reduce NSC utilization by plant cells. We aimed to evaluate the effects of cutting time and forage maceration on feed preference, apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients, and N balance in growing steers. A mixed sward of birdsfoot trefoil and timothy grass was divided into two halves, with the first half cut at sundown (1800 h) after a sunny day and the second half at sunrise (0600 h) the next day. Approximately 50% of the sundown- and sunrise-cut herbage were macerated. Forages were harvested as hay resulting in four treatments: 1) sunrise-cut hay (AM); 2) AM plus maceration (AM-M); 3) sundown-cut hay (PM); and 4) PM plus maceration (PM-M). Hays were offered as the sole feed source to four crossbred steers (296.1 ± 7.25 kg) according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each period lasted 21 d with 14 d for diet adaptation and 7 d for collection. Hays cut at sundown had 15% greater NSC than those cut at sunrise. A cutting time by maceration interaction was found (P &lt; 0.05) for intake and apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP), indicating that these two variables decreased more when maceration was applied to sundown- versus sunrise-cut hays. Similarly, interaction effects were observed (P &lt; 0.05) for total digestible nutrients and digestible energy, showing that maceration decreased the energetic value of sundown-cut hays but did not change that of sunrise-cut hays. Steers fed hays cut at sundown had decreased urinary N excretion and improved retained N (P &lt; 0.05), whereas N retention was reduced by maceration (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, six crossbred steers were used to assess feed preference, 2 wk before (period 1) and 1 wk after (period 2) the digestibility trial. Animals were randomly assigned to receive a sequence of the four hays combined in pairs. The intake rate was greater for sundown- than sunrise-cut hays, and it was decreased by maceration. Steers showed the greatest preference for PM hay, while AM-M was the most rejected. In conclusion, shifting forage cutting from sunrise to sundown increased hay NSC concentration, which resulted in improved N utilization and preference. Forage maceration during field drying decreased CP concentration and N retention in beef steers under the conditions of our study.

scholarly journals Efficiency of utilization of volatile fatty acids for maintenance and energy retention by sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. ØRskov ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
W. Corrigall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
N Retention ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Energy Retention

1. Two experiments were conducted with lambs sustained entirely by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids (VFA), protein, minerals and vitamins.2. In the first experiment to determine the effects of VFA on nitrogen retention four mixtures of VFA (B, C, D and E) were used containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 45,45 and 10; 55,35 and 10; 65,25 and 10; 75, 15 and 10.The level of infusion was 836 kJ/live weight0.75 per d and the design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with 14 d periods. There were no significant differences in the N balance between the different mixtures of VFA though mixture B tended to give the highest N retention.3. Thirty-two lambs were used in the second experiment for measurements of heat production in closed- circuit respiration chambers. Six mixtures of VFA were used. These included mixtures B-E from Expt I and in addition two mixtures (A and F) containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 35, 55 and 10; 85, 5 and 10. The heat production was measured both at 450 and 900 kJ/W0.75 per d, except for mixture F, where it was not possible to achieve a rate of infusion in excess of 675 kJ/W0.75 per d.4. The energy required for maintenance was determined to be 0.45±0.02 MJ/kg live weight0.75 per d regardless of the mixture used.5. The efficiency of utilization for fattening (kf) values for the six mixtures were 0.78, 0.64, 057, 0.61, 0.61 and 0.59 for mixtures A, B, C, D, E and F respectively. Only mixture A was significantly better utilized than the other mixtures. This mixture also gave the most efficient N utilization.6. It is concluded from this evidence that differences in k, for diets normally given to ruminants cannot be attributed to differences in utilization of volatile fatty acids.

scholarly journals The nitrogen requirement of the weanling kitten

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Smalley ◽  
Quinton R. Rogers ◽  
James G. Morris ◽  
Loren L. Eslinger
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Requirement ◽  
Four Levels

1. The nitrogen requirement of the weanling kitten was determined in a series of three experiments. In each experiment, diets were formulated to provide the growing kitten with the essential amino acids at or above the level of requirement. Expt 1 utilized a 4 x 4 balanced Latin square design with two groups of kittens (four male and four female). The crystalline L-amino acid diets were presented at four levels of dietary crude protein (N x 6.25) of 140, 160, 180 and 200 g/kg diet. The design for Expts 2 and 3 was a 6 x 6 balanced Latin square. For each of these experiments, groups of six male and six female kittens were assigned to diets. The six levels of dietary crude protein were 120, 140, 160, 180, 200 and 220 g/kg diet; dietary N was supplied by crystalline L-amino acids for Expt 2 and casein plus a supplementary amino acid mix for Expt 3. Food intake, weight gain and N retention were determined in each experiment.2. A sigmoidal model y =P1+ P2/[1 +e(p2+p4. x)] was fitted to the response of weight gain and N retention to dietary N. The calculated requirement (95% of the upper asymptote, P1 + P2) for these experiments varied from 170 to 230 g protein/kg diet with the majority of these values falling between 180 and 200 g protein/kg.3. On the basis of these three experiments, the kitten's requirement for dietary crude protein is between 180 and 200 g/kg diet (28.8–32.0 gN/kg) for purified diets which provide a calculated 21 MJ metabolizable energ//kg diet.

Effect of protein supplementation in the rumen, abomasum, or both on intake, digestibility, and nitrogen utilisation in cattle fed high-quality tropical forage

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Batista ◽  
E. Detmann ◽  
D. I. Gomes ◽  
L. M. A. Rufino ◽  
M. F. Paulino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
High Quality ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
N Compounds

Effects of differing proportions of ruminal and abomasal protein infusion on intake, digestion, ruminal dynamics and the metabolic parameters of nitrogen (N) compounds were evaluated in beef bulls fed high-quality tropical forage (98.6 g crude protein, CP/kg dry matter) for ad libitum intake. Four Nelore bulls (280 ± 10 kg bodyweight) fitted with ruminal and abomasal cannulas were studied in a 4 × 4 Latin square. Treatments included: Control (no supplement) or 230 g/day of supplemental CP (as casein), with ratios of abomasal : ruminal infusion of 0 : 100, 50 : 50 or 100 : 0. Organic matter intake was not affected by treatments (P ≥ 0.30), though N intake increased by supplementation (P < 0.001). Total CP and organic matter digestibility were increased (P < 0.02) by protein supplementation. Nitrogen balance was 43% greater (P < 0.02) in the treatments with supplementation. Although supplementation did not affect (P = 0.98) the efficiency of absorbed N, a tendency towards a positive linear effect (P = 0.08) was observed when modifying the site of supplementation from the rumen to the abomasum. Supplementation increased (P < 0.01) ruminal ammonia-N, serum urea-N, urinary N and urea-N excretion, which subsequently decreased linearly (P < 0.01) by the displacement of supplementation from the rumen to the abomasum. The results indicate that protein supplementation, either in the rumen or abomasum produces similar effects on N retention. However, the metabolic mechanisms responsible for the improved N retention appear to differ between supplementation sites. Additionally, the efficiency of N utilisation increases with infusion of protein into the abomasum.

scholarly journals The effect of supplementing glycine and serine to a low crude protein diet on growth and skin collagen abundance of nursery pigs1

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla E Silva ◽  
Wilfredo D Mansilla ◽  
Anna K Shoveller ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
John P Cant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
N Retention ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Skin Collagen ◽  
Feeding Program ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract A total of 96 newly weaned barrows (initial body weight [BW]: 6.3 ± 0.5 kg) were used to determine the effect of a low crude protein (CP) diet supplemented with Gly and Ser on growth and skin collagen abundance. Barrows were assigned to one of three experimental diets in a three-phase feeding program fed for 35 days (n = 8; pen was the experimental unit): 1) corn–soybean meal diet (CON; 20.3% to 23.1% CP; as-fed, analyzed contents); 2) low CP diet (14.8% to 21.4% CP) supplemented with Gly and Ser (G + S) to the same concentrations as CON; 3) low CP diet supplemented with Glu to maintain the same CP concentration as the G + S diet (GLU; 15.0% to 22.1% CP). On days 21 and 35, eight pigs per treatment were euthanized for the determination of physical and chemical body composition and skin collagen abundance. Pigs fed the CON diet had greater overall ADG and final BW compared to pigs fed GLU and G + S (P &lt; 0.01). Over the entire 35-day experimental period, ADFI was not influenced by dietary treatment but G:F tended to be greater for pigs fed CON than G + S (P = 0.084), while intermediate values were observed for GLU. Carcass weights on days 21 and 35 were greater for pigs fed CON than G + S or GLU (P &lt; 0.01). Viscera weights on day 21 were greater for CON than G + S and GLU (P &lt; 0.05) and on day 35 were greater for CON than G + S (P &lt; 0.05) with intermediate values observed for GLU. The N intake (g/d) between days 0 and 35 was greater for CON than G + S or GLU (P &lt; 0.05) and N retention in combined carcass and viscera was greater for CON than G + S (P &lt; 0.01) with intermediate values observed for GLU. No treatment effects were observed for efficiency of N utilization. Between days 0 and 21 however, the efficiency of using dietary N for N retention in carcass and viscera tended to be less for pigs fed CON vs. GLU (73.8% vs. 91.6%), while intermediate values were observed for G + S (84.3%; P = 0.095). Pigs fed CON and G + S diets had greater skin collagen abundance than pigs fed GLU on days 21 and 35 (P &lt; 0.01). Supplementing low CP diets with Glu or with Gly and Ser at the levels used in the current study did not maintain ADG or combined carcass and viscera N retention and only the G + S diet supported skin collagen abundance not different from pigs fed CON. The importance of meeting essential AA requirements for growth are well accepted, but supplementing specific NEAA may be needed when feeding reduced CP diets to newly weaned pigs to support secondary indicators of AA status, such as skin collagen abundance.

EFFECT OF METHIONINE SUPPLEMENTATION POSTERIOR TO THE RUMEN ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION AND SULFUR BALANCE OF STEERS ON A HIGH ROUGHAGE RATION

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. STEINACKER ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN ◽  
J. R. INGALLS
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Significant Probability ◽  
Methionine Supplementation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Similar Quantity

The effect of post ruminal methionine, dietary methionine or dietary sulfur (S) supplementation on nitrogen retention and S excretion was determined by using three Holstein steers fitted with abomasal cannula in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The basal diet was fed ad libitum and consisted of ground timothy hay and concentrate in a 5:1 ratio. The diet contained 12% crude protein with urea contributing about 40% of the total nitrogen. Elemental S (0.05%) or methionine (0.22%) was added to the diet while a similar quantity of methionine was infused into the abomasum. Abomasal infused methionine compared with supplemental dietary S or methionine resulted in a 16.6 and 23.9% increase in percent of absorbed nitrogen retained, which was not statistically significant (probability approximately 0.25). Sulfur intake and apparent S digestibility was similar for all treatments; however, urinary S concentration tended to be lower for the elemental S treatment (probability approximately 0.10). Sulfur retention was higher (P < 0.05) with supplementary elemental S than when a similar amount of S was consumed or infused in the form of methionine.

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