scholarly journals Leaf protein production from energy willow leaves

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Matti Näsi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Protein Extraction ◽  
Leaf Protein ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Leaf Protein Concentrate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Leaf Juice

The extraction of protein from leaves of two energy willow clones (Salic cv. Aquatica and S. viminalis) and the chemical composition and nutritive value of the leaf fractions were investigated in six experiments. The preservation of leaf juice and wet leaf protein concentrate (LPC) was also studied. The extraction of juice averaged 33 % of the fresh weight, and the extraction ratios of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were 10.5 % and 2.9 %. The percentages of juice DM, CP and TP (true protein) separated in LPC were 6 %, 21 % and 48 %, respectively. The separation values were higher when LPC was precipitated by heating than by acidification. Removal of nutrients from the leaves was low and there were only minor differences in composition between the pressed pulp and the leaves. The leaf juice contained 8.3 % DM, of which 20.9 % was ash, 4.9 % CP, 1.9 % TP and 43.2 % sugars. The LPC had an average DM content of 19.6 %, CP being 21.4 % and TP 19.5 % of DM. The in vitro digestibility and pepsin-HCI-solubility of the protein were low. The mean tannin content of the LPC averaged 3.6 % of DM. The mean lysine and methionine contents of the LPC were low, 3.3 and 1.5 g/16 g N, respectively. The preservation of the leaf juice was satisfactory even without addition of preservative. Preservation of wet LPC was good with additives used at the 1.0 % v/w level. Leaf protein extraction was low and the nutritive value of LPC was not particularly high. This may have been partly due to the late date of harvesting and to the fact that the leaves were frozen for storage.

scholarly journals Extraction of leaf protein from green crops. Chemical composition and nutritive value of products of fractionation 

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-154
Author(s):  
Matti Näsi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Leaf Protein ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
True Protein

Leaf protein was extracted from different green crops in 11 pilot plant esperiments. Of the crops, 4 were grass, 6 clover and one pea. The extraction of juice was on average 55 % of the fresh weight of the green crop and the values for dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were 22.6 and 24.1 %. Clover gave better recoveries of protein than grass. In the leaf protein concentrate (LPC) obtained from the juice, the separation ratios for DM, CP and TP (true protein) were, respectively, 23.7 %, 48.0 and 80.7 %. Heating to 85°C gave more efficient recoveries of LPC than the combination of heating and acid precipitation. The average DM content of the pressed pulp was 30.4 %, the corresponding value for the whole crop being 16.5 %. Measured on a DM basis, the CP content of the pressed pulp was only 0.4 % units lower than in untreated forage, but the crude fibre content was 7.3 % units higher. In vitro organic matter digestibility and the pepsin-HCI solubility of crude protein were on average 5.1 and 5.5 % units lower in the pulp. The average DM of the plant juice was 6.5 % and contained 21.9 % ash, 21.5 % CP, 10.7 % TP and 29.9 % soluble sugars. Clover and pea had much higher values for CP and TP than grass. In the LPC preparations, CP and TP averaged 43.6 % and 38.5 % of DM. Heat treatment gave higher protein content than precipitation of LPC by combined heating and acidification. The in vitro digestibility and protein solubility of LPC were high, on average 85.6 % and 80.2 %. LPC had fairly high contents of lysine and methionine, 4.1 % and 1.6 g/16 g N. There were only small differences in the amino acid composition between grass and clover and between crops harvested at different growth stages. Green crop fractionation is a potential means of improving grassland production and utilization. Promising results have been obtained with plant juice and LPC fed to monogastric animals and pressed pulp residues in diets for ruminants. The economic aspects of fractionation remain to be evaluated.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF RANGE FORAGE PLANTS OF THE STIPA-BOUTELOUA PRAIRIE

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Smoliak ◽  
L. M. Bezeau
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Artemisia Species ◽  
Shrubby Species

Five native grasses and one sedge of the Stipa-Bouteloua prairie, three introduced grasses collected at five stages of growth, and four shrubby species collected at three stages of growth were analyzed for proximate chemical constituents.The amounts of phosphorus and digestible and crude protein of all species decreased with maturity, while the cellulose increased. Introduced grasses generally contained more crude protein than native grasses. Shrubby species were higher in crude protein and phosphorus than native grasses. No consistent trend was observed in relative total ash and calcium content at progressive stages of development. The estimated nutritive value index was high for all grasses and low for two Artemisia species. The seasonal declines in crude protein and phosphorus suggest that protein and phosphorus supplements are desirable for range cattle during the fall, winter, and early spring.

Selection for crude protein content in Phalaris tuberosa L. I. Response to selection and preliminary studies on correlated responses

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Clements
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Pasture Plant

In a highly variable breeding population of P. tuberosa, marked responses were obtained to three generations of selection for high and low crude protein concentration (percentage nitrogen x 6.25) in whole tillers at heading. Total response was similar in each direction, and realized heritability estimates were h2 = 0.25 and h2 = 0.20 in the high and low directions respectively. The responses were accompanied by positively correlated changes in in vitro digestibility and in characters commonly used as indicators of nutritive value of herbage. However, there were large negatively correlated changes in seedling vigour, relative growth rates, and other morphological and physiological characters. The implications of the results for pasture plant breeding are discussed.

GENETIC VARIATION FOR FORAGE QUALITY OF ALFALFA STEMS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1057-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. BUXTON ◽  
G. C. MARTEN ◽  
J. S. HORNSTEIN
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

When normally harvested for hay, the basal portion of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stems is low in forage quality. This study was conducted to determine whether genetic variation for in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) and crude protein (CP) concentration of stems of perennial Medicago spp. could be identified and whether morphological and chemical traits were associated with variation in these characteristics of stems. The lower six nodes and internodes of stems and total herbage from 64 Plant Introduction (PI) accessions and five cultivars of field-grown plants were harvested twice when most plants were at the early seed-pod stage of maturity. Several morphological and growth traits were measured, and both stems and total herbage were evaluated for IVDDM and CP concentration. Covariant analysis was used to adjust in IVDDM and CP concentration of stems for differences in plant maturity. Significant variation for IVDDM and CP concentration in stems existed among the cultivars and among the accessions. Some accessions had significantly higher stem IVDDM or CP concentration than control cultivars. The M. sativa accession, PI 440496, had the fourth highest stem IVDDM and third highest stem CP, with concentrations of 374 and 79 g kg−1, respectively. The number of ridges on stems (stem shape) was significantly correlated with stem IVDDM and CP concentration with average correlation coefficients of 0.30 and 0.35, respectively. Cell-wall concentration and lignin concentration per unit cell wall of stems were both negatively correlated with stem IVDDM and CP concentration. Selection for improved nutritive value of stems may have potential for improving the nutritive value of alfalfa herbage.Key words: Alfalfa, forage quality, crude protein, in vitro digestibility, Medicago sativa L.

Nutritive value for lactating dairy cows of the pressed herbage remaining after the partial extraction of leaf juice

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (111) ◽  
pp. 376 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Stockdale ◽  
KR King ◽  
DR McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Protein Extraction ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Partial Extraction

A series of six experiments compared the production of lactating dairy cows eating either fresh herbage or the pressed herbage remaining after the partial extraction of juice. Irrigated perennial pasture and irrigated lucerne (Medicago sativa) were used in different experiments. With forage-harvested pasture, extraction removed an average of 42.1 g of protein per kg dry matter (DM) of pasture processed. An average of 85% of the DM of the original fresh pasture was left as pressed pasture. The process lowered the in vitro digestibility, total nitrogen, and cell contents of the herbage, and raised the cell wall constituents. It also reduced herbage phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and sodium, but increased herbage calcium slightly. The milk yield of cows fed an equivalent DM intake of pressed residue was, on average, 6% lower than the milk yield of cows fed fresh pasture. The responses shown by the milk constituents were inconsistent. With lucerne, extraction removed an average of 95.9 g of protein from each kg of fresh herbage and an average of 74% of the lucerne was left as pressed lucerne. This reduced the quality of the pressed residue as determined by in vitro digestibility (5%), Kjeldahl nitrogen (19%) and neutral detergent fibre (27%). However, there was no significant loss of production for cows on the pressed herbage, although there were small differences. It is concluded that lucerne would appear to have the greater potential for a leaf protein extraction industry in the irrigated areas of the Goulburn Valley of Victoria.

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN APPLICATION ON BARLEY, OATS AND TRITICALE GROWN AS FORAGE

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. NASS ◽  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
M. SUZUKI
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
X Triticosecale Wittmack

A 3-yr study was conducted to determine the effects of high rates of N fertilizer (NH4NO3) on whole plant dry matter yields, crude protein and NO3-N concentrations and in vitro digestibility of dry matter of oats (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) harvested at early dough stage. Dry matter (DM) yields of barley only were significantly increased by N applications over the zero N rate every year. Split applications of N at seeding and stem elongation did not generally result in higher DM yields than the corresponding single applications of N at seeding. The crude protein concentration ranged from 5.1 to 12.1% in the zero N check plot and from 7.1 to 14.9% in the N-fertilized plots. The NO3-N concentration in tissue was generally less than 0.10%, although NO3-N concentrations up to 0.34% were recorded in oats at 200–300 kg N/ha rates. For barley and triticale, the mean in vitro digestibility of DM was 57.2 and 58.3%, respectively, while the mean in vitro digestibility of DM for oats was much lower at 46.9%. In vitro digestibility of DM was affected very little by rates of N. The limitations in using cereals for forage are discussed.

An evaluation of pasture quality with young grazing sheep. II. Chemical composition, botanical composition and in vitro digestibility of herbage selected by oesophageal-fistulated sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Grimes ◽  
B. R. Watkin ◽  
J. R. Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Pasture Quality ◽  
Quadrat Method ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Point Quadrat

1. In a grazing experiment with sheep, cocksfoot, rye-grass and tall fescue were grown with and without white clover, under ‘short’ and ‘long’ management systems.2. One sheep on each plot was fitted with an oesophageal fistula, from which herbage samples were collected at fortnightly intervals. The botanical composition of samples from the mixed swards was estimated by an optical point quadrat method. Samples were analysed for crude protein and cellulose, and digestibility was estimated in vitro.3. Treatment difference within the mixed swards were not significant in terms of botanical composition. The mean proportions selected were 73% grass, 9% clover and 18% dead matter. The proportion of clover selected did not differ significantly between sample collections.

scholarly journals Nutritional potentials and in vitro estimation of composite cocoa pod husk-based diets for ruminants

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwatosin Bode Omotoso
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk ◽  
Cassava Peel

Abstract Background The use of cocoa pod husk in livestock nutrition is being limited because of its fibrous nature and anti-nutrients, which have detrimental effect(s) on the animals. This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and effects of replacing urea-treated ensiled cocoa pod husk meal (urea-treated CPHM) with cassava peel in a complete concentrate diet (CCD) on in vitro digestibility and methane (CH4) production. Methods Urea-treated CPHM was prepared by soaking the raw milled pod in 5% urea solution under anaerobic condition for 7 days, and decanted and the filtrates were further ensiled for 28 days, dried, and were replaced with cassava peel meal in CCD at 0, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15% on part basis. Feed samples (n = 3) were analyzed for chemical composition, and data generated from in vitro study were subjected to statistical analysis in a completely randomized design experiment. Results Results revealed that the treatment significantly reduced the crude fiber, fiber fraction contents, and anti-nutrients and improved the crude protein content of the pod by 71.84%. Dry matter and crude protein of the diets ranged from 89.34–89.71% and 10.52–12.84%, respectively. The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) increased with increasing levels of urea-treated CPHM in the diets. With increasing levels of urea-treated CPHM, CH4 production relatively reduced as compared to diet E. Metabolizable energy (5.66 Kcal/g) of diet F was the highest. Therefore, the inclusion of urea-treated CPHM at 15% in CCDs has the potential for improving digestibility and reducing CH4 production in ruminants.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Nilai Nutrisi dan Kecernaan In Vitro Pelepah Kelapa Sawit (Oil Palm Fronds) yang Difermentasi Menggunakan Aspergillus niger dengan Penambahan Sumber Karbohidrat yang Berbeda

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sitti Wajizah ◽  
Samadi Samadi ◽  
Yunasri Usman ◽  
Elmy Mariana
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Oil Palm Fronds ◽  
Palm Fronds

(The evaluation of  nutritive value and In Vitro digestibility of oil palm fronds through fermentation by using  Aspergillus niger  with  different soluble carbohydrate sources) ABSTRACT. Oil palm frond (OPF) is one of potential sources of alternative feed, but has limited use due to high crude fiber and low crude protein contents. Fermentation is one of the methods widely applied to improve nutritive value of animal feed. The purpose of this research is to increase nutritive value of fermented oil palm fronds by adding different soluble carbohydrate source into fermentation media. The results of the experiments indicated that fermented oil palm fronds by Aspergillus niger had a significant effect (P0,05)  on the content of crude protein, crude fiber, and ash. Generally, fermented oil palm fronds with different soluble carbohydrate was able to increase the content of crude protein of oil palm fronds, but not optimal yet in reducing the crude fiber content of fermented substrate. However, the addition of rice bran on the fermentation medium showed the best results, characterized by increasing crude protein and decreasing crude fiber contents as well as improved dry matter and organic matter digestibility, reflected in high concentration of VFA. 

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document