CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF RANGE FORAGE PLANTS OF THE STIPA-BOUTELOUA PRAIRIE

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Smoliak ◽  
L. M. Bezeau
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Artemisia Species ◽  
Shrubby Species

Five native grasses and one sedge of the Stipa-Bouteloua prairie, three introduced grasses collected at five stages of growth, and four shrubby species collected at three stages of growth were analyzed for proximate chemical constituents.The amounts of phosphorus and digestible and crude protein of all species decreased with maturity, while the cellulose increased. Introduced grasses generally contained more crude protein than native grasses. Shrubby species were higher in crude protein and phosphorus than native grasses. No consistent trend was observed in relative total ash and calcium content at progressive stages of development. The estimated nutritive value index was high for all grasses and low for two Artemisia species. The seasonal declines in crude protein and phosphorus suggest that protein and phosphorus supplements are desirable for range cattle during the fall, winter, and early spring.

Selection for crude protein content in Phalaris tuberosa L. I. Response to selection and preliminary studies on correlated responses

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Clements
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Pasture Plant

In a highly variable breeding population of P. tuberosa, marked responses were obtained to three generations of selection for high and low crude protein concentration (percentage nitrogen x 6.25) in whole tillers at heading. Total response was similar in each direction, and realized heritability estimates were h2 = 0.25 and h2 = 0.20 in the high and low directions respectively. The responses were accompanied by positively correlated changes in in vitro digestibility and in characters commonly used as indicators of nutritive value of herbage. However, there were large negatively correlated changes in seedling vigour, relative growth rates, and other morphological and physiological characters. The implications of the results for pasture plant breeding are discussed.

GENETIC VARIATION FOR FORAGE QUALITY OF ALFALFA STEMS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1057-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. BUXTON ◽  
G. C. MARTEN ◽  
J. S. HORNSTEIN
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

When normally harvested for hay, the basal portion of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stems is low in forage quality. This study was conducted to determine whether genetic variation for in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) and crude protein (CP) concentration of stems of perennial Medicago spp. could be identified and whether morphological and chemical traits were associated with variation in these characteristics of stems. The lower six nodes and internodes of stems and total herbage from 64 Plant Introduction (PI) accessions and five cultivars of field-grown plants were harvested twice when most plants were at the early seed-pod stage of maturity. Several morphological and growth traits were measured, and both stems and total herbage were evaluated for IVDDM and CP concentration. Covariant analysis was used to adjust in IVDDM and CP concentration of stems for differences in plant maturity. Significant variation for IVDDM and CP concentration in stems existed among the cultivars and among the accessions. Some accessions had significantly higher stem IVDDM or CP concentration than control cultivars. The M. sativa accession, PI 440496, had the fourth highest stem IVDDM and third highest stem CP, with concentrations of 374 and 79 g kg−1, respectively. The number of ridges on stems (stem shape) was significantly correlated with stem IVDDM and CP concentration with average correlation coefficients of 0.30 and 0.35, respectively. Cell-wall concentration and lignin concentration per unit cell wall of stems were both negatively correlated with stem IVDDM and CP concentration. Selection for improved nutritive value of stems may have potential for improving the nutritive value of alfalfa herbage.Key words: Alfalfa, forage quality, crude protein, in vitro digestibility, Medicago sativa L.

THE IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF LEAF AND STEM PORTIONS OF FORAGES

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Mowat ◽  
R. S. Fulkerson ◽  
W. E. Tossell ◽  
J. E. Winch
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Rate Of Decline

The in vitro dry matter digestibility (I.V.D.) of the immature stems of timothy, orchardgrass, and bromegrass was higher than that of the leaves. However the rate of decline of digestibility with advancing maturity was greater with stems. At head emergence the I.V.D. of the leaves of orchardgrass was similar to that of the stems. Wide differences existed, though, in the I.V.D. of leaf and stem fractions of orchardgrass at more advanced stages of growth. Digestibilities of the plant parts of both timothy and bromegrass were not greatly different at any growth stage.The digestibility of leaves of alfalfa decreased only slightly as the season progressed. However, the I.V.D. of the stems declined rapidly early in the season. Unlike the grasses, the stems of alfalfa never attained as high a digestibility as the leaves at the early growth stages.The crude protein content of both leaf and stem portions of the various grass species was similar.As the season progressed, orchardgrass had the highest leaf to stem ratio and bromegrass the lowest. Even within a species, leaf content was a rather poor indicator of digestibility.

scholarly journals Nutritional potentials and in vitro estimation of composite cocoa pod husk-based diets for ruminants

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwatosin Bode Omotoso
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk ◽  
Cassava Peel

Abstract Background The use of cocoa pod husk in livestock nutrition is being limited because of its fibrous nature and anti-nutrients, which have detrimental effect(s) on the animals. This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and effects of replacing urea-treated ensiled cocoa pod husk meal (urea-treated CPHM) with cassava peel in a complete concentrate diet (CCD) on in vitro digestibility and methane (CH4) production. Methods Urea-treated CPHM was prepared by soaking the raw milled pod in 5% urea solution under anaerobic condition for 7 days, and decanted and the filtrates were further ensiled for 28 days, dried, and were replaced with cassava peel meal in CCD at 0, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15% on part basis. Feed samples (n = 3) were analyzed for chemical composition, and data generated from in vitro study were subjected to statistical analysis in a completely randomized design experiment. Results Results revealed that the treatment significantly reduced the crude fiber, fiber fraction contents, and anti-nutrients and improved the crude protein content of the pod by 71.84%. Dry matter and crude protein of the diets ranged from 89.34–89.71% and 10.52–12.84%, respectively. The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) increased with increasing levels of urea-treated CPHM in the diets. With increasing levels of urea-treated CPHM, CH4 production relatively reduced as compared to diet E. Metabolizable energy (5.66 Kcal/g) of diet F was the highest. Therefore, the inclusion of urea-treated CPHM at 15% in CCDs has the potential for improving digestibility and reducing CH4 production in ruminants.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Nilai Nutrisi dan Kecernaan In Vitro Pelepah Kelapa Sawit (Oil Palm Fronds) yang Difermentasi Menggunakan Aspergillus niger dengan Penambahan Sumber Karbohidrat yang Berbeda

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sitti Wajizah ◽  
Samadi Samadi ◽  
Yunasri Usman ◽  
Elmy Mariana
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Oil Palm Fronds ◽  
Palm Fronds

(The evaluation of  nutritive value and In Vitro digestibility of oil palm fronds through fermentation by using  Aspergillus niger  with  different soluble carbohydrate sources) ABSTRACT. Oil palm frond (OPF) is one of potential sources of alternative feed, but has limited use due to high crude fiber and low crude protein contents. Fermentation is one of the methods widely applied to improve nutritive value of animal feed. The purpose of this research is to increase nutritive value of fermented oil palm fronds by adding different soluble carbohydrate source into fermentation media. The results of the experiments indicated that fermented oil palm fronds by Aspergillus niger had a significant effect (P0,05)  on the content of crude protein, crude fiber, and ash. Generally, fermented oil palm fronds with different soluble carbohydrate was able to increase the content of crude protein of oil palm fronds, but not optimal yet in reducing the crude fiber content of fermented substrate. However, the addition of rice bran on the fermentation medium showed the best results, characterized by increasing crude protein and decreasing crude fiber contents as well as improved dry matter and organic matter digestibility, reflected in high concentration of VFA. 

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RANGE FORAGE PLANTS OF THE FESTUCA SCABRELLA ASSOCIATION

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Johnston ◽  
L. M. Bezeau
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Low Phosphorus ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Shrubby Species

Samples of the principal range forage plants of the Festuca scabrella association were analysed for crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, calcium, phosphorus, and carotene. Twenty grasses at five stages of growth and ten herbaceous and shrubby species at three stages of growth were studied.Percentages of crude protein and phosphorus of all species decreased with advancing maturity while crude fiber and calcium increased. Carotene content of the grasses also decreased with advancing maturity but that of forbs and shrubs did not show a regular pattern. Forbs and shrubs were higher in crude protein, phosphorus, and carotene than the grasses at all stages of growth. Seasonal declines in percentages of crude protein and phosphorus were closely paralleled by a decline in the liveweight gains of cows grazing on these ranges throughout a 6-month grazing season. Because ample feed was available it appeared that quality rather than quantity of feed was responsible. The low phosphorus content of winter herbage indicated that a phosphorus supplement should be fed to range cattle during the winter and early spring month.

scholarly journals FORAGE PRODUCTION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF (Clitoria ternatea) HARVESTED AT 60, 75 AND 90 DAYS AFTER PLANTING

Pastura ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
I G. N. Jelantik ◽  
T. T. Nikolaus ◽  
C. Leu Penu ◽  
Gemini E. M. Malelak ◽  
Imanuel Benu
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Clitoria Ternatea ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate herbage production and nutritive value of C. ternatea harvested at 60, 75 and 90 days after planting. The legume was planted in eighteen of 3 × 3 m2 plots a t 40 × 20 cm2. Forage was harvested at 60, 75 and 90 days after planting as treatmens. Variables measured included forage production, nutrient content and in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility. Herbage production was not significantly different (P>0.05) when harvested at different stages of growth. Leaf : stem ratio, however, declined (P<0.05) with advancing growth stage. Forage quality in terms of crude protein content was comparable (P>0.05) among different harvest time. Meanwhile the energetic value as shown by in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was significantly higher (P<0.05) when C. ternatea was harvested 60 days compared to 75 and 90 days after planting. It can be concluded that for calf supplement, C. ternatea is preferably harvested at 60 d after planting. Key words : Clitoria ternatea, IVOMD, energy, calf supplement

EFFECTS OF 25 YEARS OF N, P AND K FERTILIZATION ON YIELD, PERSISTENCE AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF A TIMOTHY SWARD

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. BÉLANGER ◽  
J. E. RICHARDS ◽  
R. B. WALTON
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Phleum Pratense L ◽  
K Fertilization

The effects of over 25 yr of levels of applied N, P and K on forage DM yield, crude protein content, in vitro digestibility (IVD), botanical composition and persistence of a timothy (Phleum pratense L.) sward were assessed in a long-term field experiment on an acidic Riverbank L. Ammonium nitrate (0, 90, 180, 270 kg N ha−1), superphosphate (0, 15, 29, 44 kg P ha−1) and muriate of potash (0, 47, 94, 141 kg K ha−1) were applied annually in all possible combinations to a timothy sward since 1960. In the first 3 yr of the experiment, only N and K were required for maximum yield and persistence of timothy. The requirement for applied P, however, increased with time; in the last 3 yr (1985–1987) of the trial, the highest level of applied P resulted in profitable forage DM yield increases. After 25 yr, the productivity of the timothy sward was dependent upon a balanced application of all three macronutrients; absence of any one nutrient resulted in little or no response to applications of the other nutrients. The long-term persistence of timothy was solely dependent on K fertilization. The proportion of bentgrass and bluegrass species declined with increasing levels of applied K while that of timothy increased. The change in botanical composition due to applied N and K significantly affected IVD and crude protein content.Key words: N, P, K, fertilization, yield, persistence, timothy

scholarly journals An investigation on chemical/mineral compositions, ruminal microbial fermentation, and feeding value of some leaves as alternative forages for finishing goats during the dry season

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Kazemi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Partial Substitution

AbstractFinding new fodder resources with moderate to high nutritional value that are cheaper and available is one of the most challenges in livestock industries. Hence, the nutritive value of some tree leaves (quince, pear, olive, mirabelle plum, greengage, sour cherry, and persimmon) was investigated by different laboratories and in vitro methods. Also, partial substitution of alfalfa and corn silage (50%) with these leaves was investigated using forty-eight goats in a randomized complete block design in vivo. Highest total phenol and tannin contents were obtained in quince (p < 0.001). Greengage (146.37 g/kg DM) and persimmon (136.96 g/kg DM) exhibited the highest crude protein, respectively (p < 0.001). Calcium content (19.82 g/kg DM) was highest in persimmon leaves (p < 0.001). Greengage (66.07 mmol/L) and mirabelle plum (65.58 mmol/L) produced more total volatile fatty acids in the culture medium, respectively (p < 0.001). Potential gas production ranged from 39.65 mL for pear to 55.32 mL mirabelle plum. Sour cherry had the highest acid–base buffering capacity (183.73 mEq × 10–3, p < 0.001). Highest dry matter intake (1087 g/day) and crude protein digestibility (70.80 %) were observed in diets containing greengage (p < 0.001). Total antioxidant capacity of serum increased when olive, quince, and persimmon were considered in goats feeding (p < 0.001). Although all studied leaves can be fed in diets of goats without deleterious effects on performance, serum, and hematology parameters, in vivo and in vitro results indicated that greengage in terms of nutritive value was superior to other studied leaves.

scholarly journals Extraction of leaf protein from green crops. Chemical composition and nutritive value of products of fractionation 

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-154
Author(s):  
Matti Näsi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Leaf Protein ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
True Protein

Leaf protein was extracted from different green crops in 11 pilot plant esperiments. Of the crops, 4 were grass, 6 clover and one pea. The extraction of juice was on average 55 % of the fresh weight of the green crop and the values for dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were 22.6 and 24.1 %. Clover gave better recoveries of protein than grass. In the leaf protein concentrate (LPC) obtained from the juice, the separation ratios for DM, CP and TP (true protein) were, respectively, 23.7 %, 48.0 and 80.7 %. Heating to 85°C gave more efficient recoveries of LPC than the combination of heating and acid precipitation. The average DM content of the pressed pulp was 30.4 %, the corresponding value for the whole crop being 16.5 %. Measured on a DM basis, the CP content of the pressed pulp was only 0.4 % units lower than in untreated forage, but the crude fibre content was 7.3 % units higher. In vitro organic matter digestibility and the pepsin-HCI solubility of crude protein were on average 5.1 and 5.5 % units lower in the pulp. The average DM of the plant juice was 6.5 % and contained 21.9 % ash, 21.5 % CP, 10.7 % TP and 29.9 % soluble sugars. Clover and pea had much higher values for CP and TP than grass. In the LPC preparations, CP and TP averaged 43.6 % and 38.5 % of DM. Heat treatment gave higher protein content than precipitation of LPC by combined heating and acidification. The in vitro digestibility and protein solubility of LPC were high, on average 85.6 % and 80.2 %. LPC had fairly high contents of lysine and methionine, 4.1 % and 1.6 g/16 g N. There were only small differences in the amino acid composition between grass and clover and between crops harvested at different growth stages. Green crop fractionation is a potential means of improving grassland production and utilization. Promising results have been obtained with plant juice and LPC fed to monogastric animals and pressed pulp residues in diets for ruminants. The economic aspects of fractionation remain to be evaluated.

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