EFFECTS OF NITROGEN APPLICATION ON BARLEY, OATS AND TRITICALE GROWN AS FORAGE

H. G. NASS; H. T. KUNELIUS; M. SUZUKI

doi:10.4141/cjps75-006

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN APPLICATION ON BARLEY, OATS AND TRITICALE GROWN AS FORAGE

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps75-006 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 49-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

H. G. NASS ◽

H. T. KUNELIUS ◽

M. SUZUKI

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Whole Plant ◽

The Mean ◽

Triticosecale Wittmack ◽

X Triticosecale Wittmack

A 3-yr study was conducted to determine the effects of high rates of N fertilizer (NH4NO3) on whole plant dry matter yields, crude protein and NO3-N concentrations and in vitro digestibility of dry matter of oats (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) harvested at early dough stage. Dry matter (DM) yields of barley only were significantly increased by N applications over the zero N rate every year. Split applications of N at seeding and stem elongation did not generally result in higher DM yields than the corresponding single applications of N at seeding. The crude protein concentration ranged from 5.1 to 12.1% in the zero N check plot and from 7.1 to 14.9% in the N-fertilized plots. The NO3-N concentration in tissue was generally less than 0.10%, although NO3-N concentrations up to 0.34% were recorded in oats at 200–300 kg N/ha rates. For barley and triticale, the mean in vitro digestibility of DM was 57.2 and 58.3%, respectively, while the mean in vitro digestibility of DM for oats was much lower at 46.9%. In vitro digestibility of DM was affected very little by rates of N. The limitations in using cereals for forage are discussed.

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The assessment of herbage legume varieties. II. In vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and mineral content of primary growth of clover and lucerne

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600063656 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 351-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

W. Ellis Davies ◽

G. ap Griffith ◽

A. Ellington

Keyword(s):

White Clover ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Red Clover ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Primary Growth

The primary growth of eight varieties of three species–white clover (3), red clover (4) and lucerne (1)–was sampled at fortnightly intervals and the percentage dry matter, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, P, Ca, K, Na and Mg were determined.Differences between species were nearly always significant and the general order of merit was white clover, red clover and lucerne. The exceptions were for dry-matter percentage where this order was reversed, and red clover had the lowest Na and highest Mg content.

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COMPARISON OF NEAR INFRARED CALIBRATIONS FOR ESTIMATING IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY IN WHOLE-PLANT CORN HYBRIDS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas87-055 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 557-562 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. V. VALDES ◽

R. B. HUNTER ◽

G. E. JONES

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Mature Stage ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Infrared Reflectance ◽

Near Infrared Reflectance ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Whole Plant

A comparison of two near infrared (NIRA) calibrations (C1 and C2) for the prediction of in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDM) in whole-plant corn (WPC) was conducted. C1 consisted of 40 WPC samples collected from four locations across Ontario (Brucefield, London, Guelph and Elora). C2 consisted of 90 samples and included the above locations plus Pakenham and Winchester. Nine wavelengths were used in both equations but only three were common in C1 and C2 equations. These wavelengths were 2139 nm, 2100 nm, and 1445 nm, respectively. The predictions of IVDM utilizing both C1 and C2 were good. Coefficients of determination (r2) and standard error of the estimate (SEE) for calibration and prediction sets were 0.91, 1.7; 0.85, 1.7 for C1 and 0.88, 1.6; 0.77, 1.6 for C2 respectively. Regression analysis within location, however, showed low r2 values for the prediction of IVDM for Pakenham and Winchester in both calibrations. The more mature stage of harvest at these locations might be the cause of the poorer predictions. Key words: In vitro digestibility, whole-plant corn, near infrared reflectance

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RELATIONSHIPS AMONG WHOLE-PLANT MOISTURE, GRAIN MOISTURE, DRY MATTER YIELD, AND QUALITY OF WHOLE-PLANT CORN SILAGE

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps75-010 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 77-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

T. B. DAYNARD ◽

R. B. HUNTER

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Yield Potential ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Research Station ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Grain Moisture ◽

Plant Moisture ◽

Plant Moisture Content

Identical experiments were conducted at the Elora Research Station, near Guelph, Ontario in 1970 and 1971 with the objective of determining the relationships among whole-plant dry matter (DM) yield, whole-plant moisture content, and grain moisture content of corn (Zea mays L.) during the later part of the growing season. Each experiment involved eight commercial hybrids representative of the range in maturity, endosperm type, lodging resistance, and grain yield potential of corn hybrids grown commercially in central Ontario. The hybrids were sampled at weekly intervals over an 8-wk period beginning approximately 1 September; the sampled plants were divided into their leaf, stalk, husk, ear and grain components and oven-dried. Fresh and dry weights were used to calculate dry matter (DM) yields and "at harvest" moisture contents of the various components, and of the entire plant. Averaged across the eight hybrids, maximum DM yield was attained at whole-plant moisture content of 66–70%, and a grain moisture content of 45–50%. Among hybrids, 66% whole-plant moisture corresponded to a range in grain moisture content from 41 to 47%. Two additional experiments were grown also at Elora in 1970 and 1971 to evaluate the effects of harvest date on the DM yield and in vitro digestibility of corn plants and their component plant parts. Each experiment involved four representative commercial hybrids which were sampled at four equal time intervals during the month of September, and divided into grain, cob, husks (including shank) and stover (including leaves, leaf sheaths, stalks and tassels) for dry weight and in vitro digestibility measurement. Whole-plant DM digestibility was essentially constant over a range of whole-plant moisture from 76 to 56% in 1970, and from 76 to 64% in 1971. The consistency of whole-plant digestibility was the result of compensating changes in component yield and digestibility. A decrease in the digestibility of the stover, husks and cob with delayed harvest was compensated for by an increase in the proportion of grain in the whole-plant yield.

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YIELD AND QUALITY OF SOME KALE-CORN COMBINATIONS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps80-119 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 807-811 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. S. FULKERSON

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Corn Stover ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Row Width

Midas marrowstem kale (Brassica oleracea L.) was grown in different row width associations with United 106 corn (Zea maize L.) in two studies and ensiled in different moisture blends with corn stover in another. Highest dry matter yields were obtained where a single row of kale was grown at 30 cm to the side of a corn row. This combination also provided the lowest moisture content feed and the highest in vitro digestibility and crude protein content. Changing the corn row width had no significant effect upon yield, plant height, in vitro digestibility, kale leaf or corn ear content. Blending kale with corn stover to provide a silage of about 70% moisture increased the digestibility and protein content of the feed and provided a silage that kept well in storage.

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Sunflower cake in diets for beef cattle: digestibility, kinetics and in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters

Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences ◽

10.4025/actascianimsci.v41i1.39492 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 39492 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rafael Henrique de Tonissi e Buschinelli de Goes ◽

Luiz Henrique Xavier da Silva ◽

Tatiana García Díaz ◽

Antonio Ferriani Branco ◽

Ana Lúcia Teodoro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Beef Cattle ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Fermentation Products ◽

Sunflower Cake

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of sunflower cake replacing soybean meal in beef cattle diets on the in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM), organic matter (IVDOM), crude protein (IVDCP) and the ruminal fermentation kinetics and parameters. The experiment was analyzed according to a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of four levels of sunflower cake, 0, 200, 400, 600 g kg-1, replacing soybean meal in the concentrate of beef cattle diets. The coefficients of IVDDM, IVDOM and IVDCP presented a quadratic effect with the addition of sunflower cake. The soluble fraction (fraction B) degradation rate and total gas production decreased linearly with the inclusion of sunflower cake. Values of pH in ruminal fluid were higher for levels 0, 200 and 600 g kg-1 sunflower cake. Sunflower cake can replace soybean meal by up to 280 g kg-1 in the concentrate of beef cattle diets, improving the in vitro digestibility of dry matter organic, matter and crude protein. Levels above 400 g kg-1 reduce ruminal digestion rate, digestibility and release of final fermentation products.

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Chemical characteristics, aerobic stability, and microbiological counts in corn silage re-ensiled with bacterial inoculant

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2018000900008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (9) ◽

pp. 1045-1052

Author(s):

Mateus Merlo Coelho ◽

Lúcio Carlos Gonçalves ◽

José Avelino Santos Rodrigues ◽

Kelly Moura Keller ◽

Gustavo Vinícius de Souza dos Anjos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Aerobic Stability ◽

Whole Plant

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of re-ensiling and bacterial inoculation on the quality of corn silage. The experiment was carried out in a 2x2 factorial design with or without inoculant (association of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici), and with re-ensiling after 36 hours of aerobic exposure or only ensiling of the whole plant of 'BRS 1055' corn. The fermentative quality, nutritional parameters, dry matter losses, aerobic stability, and microbiological counts of silages were evaluated. Re-ensiling caused an increase of pH and in acetic acid and propionic acid concentrations, as well as in the dry matter (DM), crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber crude protein contents. Conversely, there was a reduction in the nonfiber carbohydrates concentration and in in vitro dry matter digestibility for the re-ensiled material. All changes were explained by the higher-effluent production and DM loss of re-ensiled material that was subjected to two compactions. Microbiology was not altered by the treatments. The use of inoculant altered ash content, but it did not influence other parameters. In contrast, re-ensiling after 36 hours of aerobic exposure caused a reduction in the nutritive value of corn silage and accentuated the DM losses.

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EVALUATION OF PINEGRASS AS RANGE FORAGE

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps69-057 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 351-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Alastair McLean ◽

S. Freyman ◽

J. E. Miltimore ◽

D. M. Bowden

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Native Forest ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

High Positive Correlation ◽

Calcium Iron

Seasonal changes in the quality of pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens) on native forest range in southern British Columbia included declines in crude protein content and in vitro digestibility of dry matter and increases in content of lignin, acid-detergent fiber, and ash. The decline in average daily gains of beef heifers was more rapid than changes in quality of the pinegrass over the grazing period from June to October.Pinegrass contained adequate nutrients for the rapid growth of yearlings or for maintaining weanling calves until August 1, whereupon protein and phosphorus supplementation were required. Nutrient requirements of pregnant cows and replacement heifers were adequately met until September 1.Copper and zinc were inadequate throughout the season. Calcium, iron, and manganese contents, however, were satisfactory. Silica was high and must be considered a potential problem in pinegrass utilization.Digestible dry matter gave a high positive correlation with crude protein and phosphorus and a high negative correlation with lignin, acid-detergent fiber, and total ash.Crude fiber, crude fat, and total soluble carbohydrate contents of pinegrass did not closely follow changes in either animal gains or in vitro digestible dry matter.Crude protein, phosphorus, and acid-detergent fiber appear to give a good indication of animal yields on pinegrass and could be used to evaluate pinegrass quality where animal data are not available.

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EFFECT OF BARLEY SUPPLEMENT TO THE RATION OF DONOR ANIMALS USED IN IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY DETERMINATION

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas70-040 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 265-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

F. W. CALDER

Keyword(s):

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Barley Grain ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Alfalfa Hay ◽

Medicago Sativa L ◽

Ad Libitum

Rumen fluid from two sheep was used to determine in vitro dry matter digestibilities of 25 samples each from alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa L.) and barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.). The sheep were fed either a good quality hay ad libitum and 1 kg rolled barley per day, or only the hay ad libitum, in a switchback design. The in vitro dry matter digestibilities of both alfalfa hay and barley were lower (P < 0.01) when the donor animal was fed hay and barley than when fed only hay.

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Diet selection and intake by sheep and cattle grazing together on stubbles of wheat, oats or barley

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9770224 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 17 (85) ◽

pp. 224 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

JG Mulholland ◽

JB Coombe ◽

WR McManus

Keyword(s):

Plant Material ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Diet Selection ◽

Green Plant ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

The Mean ◽

Cereal Residues ◽

Daily Intakes

Single plots of wheat, oats and barley stubbles were grazed by sheep and cattle in common on a 19 day rotation for 76 days. Initially the stubbles contained 600-1200 kg dry matter ha-1 of green weeds and 3300-4800 kg dry matter ha-1 of cereal residues. Serial estimates were made of diet selection, in vitro digestibility and intake by both species. Sheep consistently selected a diet with a higher proportion of green material than did cattle, but neither species utilized the crop residues to any extent. The overall mean digestibilities of the diet were 68 and 54 per cent fop sheep and cattle respectively (P < 0.01) ; the mean N concentration in the faeces of sheep was 0.64 percentage units higher than for cattle (P < 0.01). Differences in selection by the animals were greatest at the lowest level of green plant material. Estimates of the mean daily intakes of DOM (g kg-1) per unit of metabolic liveweight (W0.9) were 32 and 15, and of dead plant material dry matter (g kg-1) 4.2 and 13.2 for sheep and cattle respectively. There were no differences in selection between stubble species. The results are discussed in relation to maximizing the use of cereal stubbles for animal production.

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Chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of lichens

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.6.1.569 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Torstein H. Garmo

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

In Vitro Method ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Protein 4.2 ◽

The Mean

The chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of 45 samples of different species of lichen are reported. Mean content (g/100 g dry matter) of the main nutrients was: crude protein 4.2, crude fat 3.2, crude fibre 16.6, ash 1.9, Ca 0.15, P 0.09, Mg 0.05, K 0.13, Na 0.035, S 0.07. The content of microminerals (mg/kg dry matter) was: Cu 2.5, Mo 0.11, Zn 27.2, Se 0.12, Fe 898, Mn 154. The mean in vitro dry matter digestibility was 35%. However, the in vitro method do underestimate the dry matter digestibility of lichens. Stereocaulon spp. showed higher levels of crude protein, P, S, Cu and Mo than Cetraria spp. and Cladonia spp. Cetraria nivalis showed higher digestibility and contained more NFE, ash, Ca, Mg, but less crude fibre than Cladonia stellaris. Lichens contained less amounts of most nutrients compared with grasses (Fig. 1), exept for crude fat, NFE, Se and Fe.Kjemisk innhald og in vitro fordøyelsesgrad av lav.Abstract in Norwegian / Samandrag: Kjemisk innhald og in vitro fordøyelsesgrad av tørrstoffet er bestemt i 45 prøver av beitelav frå to stader i Sør-Noreg. Middel innhald (g/100g tørrstoff) av følgjande næringsstoff var: protein 4.2, feitt 3.2, trevlar 16.6, oske 1.9, kalsium 0.15, fosfor 0.09, magnesium 0.05, kalium 0.13, natrium 0.035, svovel 0.07. Innhaldet (mg/kg tørrstoff) av mikronæringsstoffa var: kopar 2.5, molybden 0.11, sink 27.2, selen 0.12, jern 898 og mangan 154. Den midlare fordøyelsesgraden av tørrstoffet i lav-prøvene var 35%, men in vitro fordøyelsesanalyser undervurderer fordøyelsesgraden av lav. Det var ein stor variasjon mellom dei ulike lavartane for dei fleste næringsstoffa og fordøyelsesgraden. Stereocaulon spp. inneheldt meir protein, fosfor, svovel, kopar og molybden enn Cetraria spp. og Cladonia spp. Gulskinn hadde høgare fordøyelsesgrad, og innehaldet av NFE, oske, kalsium og magnesium var høgre enn i kvitkrull, medan trevleinnhaldet var størst i kvitkrull. Lav inneheldt mindre av dei fleste næringsstoffa samanlikna med gras, unnateke feitt, NFE, selen og jern.Jäkälien kemiallinen sisältö ja in vitro sulatuksen aste.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Kuiva-aineen kemiallinen sisalto ja in vitro sulatusaste on mååråtty 45:ssa kokeessa tårkeistå laidunjåkålistå kahdella paikkakunnalla Etelå — Norjassa. Keskimååråinen sisalto (g/100 g kuiva-ainetta) seuraavissa ravintoaineissa oli: valkuaisainetta 4.2, rasvaa 3.2, kuituja 16.6, tuhkaa 1.9, kalsiumia 0.15, fosforia 0.09, magnesiumia 0.05, kaliumia 0.13, natriumia 0.035, rikkia 0.07. Hivenainepitoisuus (mg/kg kuiva-ainesta) oli: kuparia 2.5, molybdeenia 0.11, sinkkia 27.2, seleeniå 0.12, rautaa 898 ja mangaania 154. Kuiva-aineiden keskimååråinen sulatusaste jåkålåkokeissa oli 35%. Eri jåkålåajien vålillå oli suuri vaihtelu eisimmissa ravintoaineissa ja sulatusasteessa. Stereocaulon spp. sisålsi enemmån valkuaisainetta, fosforia, rikkiå kuparia ja typettomien uuteaineiden, molybdeeniå kuin Cetraria spp. ja Cladonia spp. Lapalumijåkålållå oli korkeampi sulatusaste, ja tuhkan, kalsiumin ja magnesiumin sisålto oli korkeampi kuin Cladonia alpestris-jäkälässä, mutta kuitusisålto oli korkein Cladonia alpestris-jäkälässä. Jåkålå sisålsi våhemmån useimmista ravintoaineista ruohoon verrattuna lukuunottamatta rasvaa, typettomiå uuteaineita, seleeniå ja rautaa.

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