scholarly journals Comparison of commercial analytical techniques for measuring chlorine dioxide in urban desalinated drinking water

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 970-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Ammar ◽  
K. Y. Abid ◽  
A. A. El-Bindary ◽  
A. Z. El-Sonbati
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection ◽  
Selection Of

Most drinking water industries are closely examining options to maintain a certain level of disinfectant residual through the entire distribution system. Chlorine dioxide is one of the promising disinfectants that is usually used as a secondary disinfectant, whereas the selection of the proper monitoring analytical technique to ensure disinfection and regulatory compliance has been debated within the industry. This research endeavored to objectively compare the performance of commercially available analytical techniques used for chlorine dioxide measurements (namely, chronoamperometry, DPD (N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine), Lissamine Green B (LGB WET) and amperometric titration), to determine the superior technique. The commonly available commercial analytical techniques were evaluated over a wide range of chlorine dioxide concentrations. In reference to pre-defined criteria, the superior analytical technique was determined. To discern the effectiveness of such superior technique, various factors, such as sample temperature, high ionic strength, and other interferences that might influence the performance were examined. Among the four techniques, chronoamperometry technique indicates a significant level of accuracy and precision. Furthermore, the various influencing factors studied did not diminish the technique's performance where it was fairly adequate in all matrices. This study is a step towards proper disinfection monitoring and it confidently assists engineers with chlorine dioxide disinfection system planning and management.

Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) in Drinking Water from Eight Systems Using Chlorine Dioxide

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocio Aranda Rodriguez ◽  
Boniface Koudjonou ◽  
Brian Jay ◽  
Guy L. LeBel ◽  
Frank M. Benoit
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Disinfection Process ◽  
The One ◽  
By Products

Abstract A study was initiated to determine the presence of organic disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water treated with chlorine dioxide (ClO2). One potential advantage for the use of ClO2 as a disinfectant is the reduced formation of organic DBPs. Generally, water treated with ClO2 produces chlorite and chlorate ions, but there is limited information regarding the presence of halogenated organic DBPs. Eight systems that use chlorine dioxide as part of the water disinfection process were investigated. All systems in this study applied chlorine as a primary or secondary disinfectant in addition to ClO2. To evaluate seasonal and spatial variations, water samples were collected during cold water (February to March 2003) and warm water (July to August 2003) months at five sites for each system: raw water (R, before treatment), treated water (T, after treatment but before distribution), and three points along the same distribution line (D1, D2, D3). Sampling and analysis were conducted according to established protocols. A suite of 27 organic DBPs including haloacetic acids (HAA), trihalomethanes (THM), haloacetonitriles (HAN), haloketones, haloacetaldehydes (HA), chloropicrin, and cyanogen chloride were examined. In addition, the concentration of oxyhalides (chlorite and chlorate ions) and auxiliary parameters were also determined. Chlorite was found in treated (T) and distributed (Dx) waters. The chlorite ion levels decreased along the distribution system (T > D1 > D2 > D3). At T sites, the levels ranged from 10 to 870 µg/L (winter), and from 300 to 1,600 µg/L (summer). Chlorite was not found in treated or distributed water in the one system that used ozone. Chlorate ion levels ranged from 20 to 310 µg/L (winter), and 80 to 318 µg/L (summer). Chlorate levels remained relatively constant throughout the distribution system. THM and eight HAA (HAA8) accounted for approximately 85% of the total DBPs (wt/wt) analyzed, followed by total HA (up to 7%) and HAN (3%). THM in distributed water were found at concentrations between 1.8 and 30.6 µg/L (winter), and 3.3 and 93.6 µg/L (summer). For HAA8, the levels ranged from 13 to 52 µg/L (winter), and 16 to 111 µg/L (summer). Chloral hydrate ranged from 0.2 to 5.2 µg/L (winter), and 0.4 to 12.2 µg/L (summer). The temporal and spatial variations observed in previous studies were confirmed in the current study as well.

Advanced Treatment of Municipal Wastewater Effluent by Coagulation/Sedimentation and Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection

2011 ◽  
Vol 71-78 ◽  
pp. 2792-2796
Author(s):  
Li Hua Cheng ◽  
Ai Hua He ◽  
Xue Jun Bi ◽  
Qi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Combination Process ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection ◽  
Selection Of

Due to increasing water scarcity, reclamation and reuse of the secondary effluent of wastewater treatment plant are widely concerned in many countries. Before reuse, the residual contaminant in the secondary effluent should be further removed to guarantee safe reuse. Coagulation/sedimentation and subsequent chlorine dioxide(ClO2) disinfection was adopted for tertiary treatment of secondary effluent. Selection of coagulant and optimization of tertiary treatment parameters were performed in this study. The results showed that coagulation could remove turbidity and total phosphours(TP) effectively. Polyaluminium chloride(PAC) was the most suitable coagulant. The optimal coagulation condition was as follows: PAC dosage of 10mg/L(measured as Al3+), reaction time of 20 min, settling time of 40 min, in this case, the average removal rate of turbidity, color, UV254, TP and TOC could reach to 58.2%, 22.8%, 18.2%, 60.6% and 22.2%, respectively. ClO2could inactive bacteria andE. colieffectively. ClO2could further remove UV254, color and TOC. In case of ClO2dosage of 5mg/L, the sterilization efficiency could reach 100%, and the removal rate of UV254, color and TOC was higher than 25%, 70% and 25%, respectively. In the optimal condition, the removal efficiency of residual contaminant by the combination process was as follows: UV254of 45.9%, color of 76.5%, TOC of 66.7%, turbidity of 61.9% and TP of 96.3%.

Multispectral Identification of Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan D. Richardson ◽  
Alfred D. Thruston ◽  
Timothy W. Collette ◽  
Kathleen Schenck. Patterson ◽  
Benjamin W. Lykins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection

Chlorine dioxide disinfection by-products in the Nová Bystrica-Čadca-Žilina long distance water supply system

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-214
Author(s):  
J. Kriš ◽  
K. Munka ◽  
E. Büchlerová ◽  
M. Karácsonyová ◽  
L. Gajdoš
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Residual Concentration ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection ◽  
By Products

In a process of water disinfection it is necessary to distinguish between primary disinfection focused on removal or inactivation of microbiological contaminants from raw water, and secondary disinfection focused on maintenance of residual concentration of the disinfector in distribution system. Current practice related to disinfection follows two approaches. The paper presents results from a stage task solution “Research of physical-chemical changes in water quality during its distribution” at the Nová Bystrica-Čadca-Žilina long distance water supply system (LDWSS) focused on the presence of disinfection by-products by using chlorine dioxide.

ControllingGiardiaspp. andCryptosporidiumspp. in drinking water by microbial reduction processes

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (S1) ◽  
pp. 67-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon R Finch ◽  
Miodrag Belosevic
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Microbial Reduction ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Waterborne Viruses

Drinking water microbial reduction has evolved from simple, effective chlorination to control waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever to advanced systems using ozone, chlorine dioxide, ultraviolet radiation, and combinations of disinfectants to control waterborne diseases such as poliomyelitis, hepatitis, giardiasis, and cryptosporidiosis. Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. have posed a major challenge to the water industry from a variety of perspectives. They occur in low concentrations in source waters, their infective doses in humans are low when compared with typical waterborne viruses and bacteria, they are difficult to inactivate with chlorine compounds, and they are difficult to determine if they are dead when detected in the environment or after microbial reduction in water treatment. However, Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. are readily controlled by ozone or ultraviolet radiation over a wide range of water-quality conditions. Chlorine dioxide provides a simple alternative to chlorine in some circumstances. Using modern microbial reduction process design techniques such as the integrated disinfection design framework (IDDF) ensures the provision of drinking water with a low risk of transmitting human pathogens to the consumer.Key words: ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, ultraviolet, disinfection, microbial reduction, drinking water, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, parasite.

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