Northern Sumatra Field Survey after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 93-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose C. Borrero ◽  
Costas E. Synolakis ◽  
Hermann Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Sumatra Earthquake ◽  
Flow Depth ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Runup Height ◽  
Banda Aceh

A field survey of earthquake and tsunami effects was conducted in the region around Banda Aceh in northern Sumatra. The field data included visual observations of watermarks, which were located via handheld GPS units and then photographed. Where possible, watermarks were surveyed along cross-shore profiles to determine runup height. Additional information on wave arrival and behavior—including the timing and the number of waves—was collected through interviews with witnesses and survivors and from video recorded during the tsunami event. These data were used in conjunction with satellite imagery obtained before and shortly after the earthquake to describe the effects of the tsunami and earthquake in terms of runup height, inundation distance, flow depth, levels of structural damage, shoreline erosion, and earthquake-related subsidence. This data set is far from complete, and additional information is needed to fully assess the tsunami effects in northern Sumatra.

Myanmar Coastal Area Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tint Lwin Swe ◽  
Kenji Satake ◽  
Than Tin Aung ◽  
Yuki Sawai ◽  
Yukinobu Okamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Real Time ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Sumatra Earthquake ◽  
The West ◽  
Tide Level ◽  
The Indian Ocean

A post-tsunami survey was conducted along the Myanmar coast two months after the 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake ( Mw=9.0) that occurred off the west coast of Sumatra and generated a devastating tsunami around the Indian Ocean. Visual observations, measurements, and a survey of local people's experiences with the tsunami indicated some reasons why less damage and fewer casualties occurred in Myanmar than in other countries around the Indian Ocean. The tide level at the measured sites was calibrated with reference to a real-time tsunami datum, and the tsunami tide level range was 2–3 m for 22 localities in Myanmar. The tsunami arrived three to four hours after the earthquake.

Observations on Reconstruction in Banda Aceh after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 819-827
Author(s):  
Earl Kessler
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Sumatra Earthquake ◽  
Planning Strategy ◽  
Planning Strategies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Core Issues ◽  
Technical Guidance ◽  
Banda Aceh

A set of observations on reconstruction were made during the author's field work in Banda Aceh in March 2005. The Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre was contracted to provide technical guidance and support to the Government of Indonesia and the UN to develop a planning strategy for recovery in Aceh. Planning strategies were developed at a number of key meetings, and core issues and recommendations were identified.

Performance of Structures in Indonesia during the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 295-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Saatcioglu ◽  
Ahmed Ghobarah ◽  
Ioan Nistor
Keyword(s):  
Tsunami Wave ◽  
Seismic Damage ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Sumatra Earthquake ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Engineered Structures ◽  
Engineering Significance ◽  
Seismic Forces ◽  
Banda Aceh

A reconnaissance was conducted in Indonesia to investigate the effects of the 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami on buildings, bridges, and other physical infrastructure. The infrastructure in the coastal regions of Banda Aceh was completely devastated by both tsunami wave pressures and seismic ground excitations. The damaging effects of the tsunami were most pronounced in unreinforced masonry walls, nonengineered reinforced concrete buildings, and low-rise timber-framed buildings. Engineered structures survived the tsunami pressure, but many suffered extensive damage due to seismic forces. The majority of the seismic damage was attributed to poor design and detailing of nonductile buildings. Specific observations made during the reconnaissance indicate the engineering significance of the disaster.

Sri Lanka Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 155-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Goff ◽  
Philip L-F. Liu ◽  
Bretwood Higman ◽  
Robert Morton ◽  
Bruce E. Jaffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Sand Dune ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Sedimentary Characteristics ◽  
Survey Team ◽  
Local Topography ◽  
Runup Height

An International Tsunami Survey Team (ITST) consisting of scientists from the United States, New Zealand, and Sri Lanka evaluated the impacts of the 26 December 2004 transoceanic tsunami in Sri Lanka two weeks after the event. Tsunami runup height, inundation distance, morphological changes, and sedimentary characteristics of deposits were recorded and analyzed along the southwest and east coasts of the country. Preliminary results show how local topography and bathymetry controlled the limits of inundation and associated damage to the infrastructure. The largest wave height of 8.71 m was recorded at Nonagama, while the greatest inundation distance of 390 m and runup height of 12.50 m was at Yala. At some sites, human alterations to the landscape increased the damage caused by the tsunami; this was particularly evident in areas of coral poaching and of sand dune removal.

Damage and Height Distribution of Sumatra Earthquake-Tsunami of December 26, 2004, in Banda Aceh City and its Environs

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshinobu Tsuji ◽  
◽  
Yuichiro Tanioka ◽  
Hideo Matsutomi ◽  
Yuichi Nishimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Height Distribution ◽  
Sumatra Earthquake ◽  
The West ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Town ◽  
Banda Aceh

A huge earthquake of magnitude M 9.0 occurred at 00:58 (UT), December 26, 2004, in the sea off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia, followed by a huge tsunami that hit almost all coasts facing the Indian Ocean. We conducted a field survey in the residential area of Banda Aceh, the town of the severest damage by the tsunami, on the west coast of the northernmost point Sumatra, Sigli City, about 80 kilometers east of Banda Aceh three-four weeks after the event. In Banda Aceh, almost all houses in the residential area about 2 km from the coast were swept away, while houses more than 3 km rarely were. Inundation continued about 5 to 6 km from the shoreline. In Lhoknga and several villages on the west coast of Sumatra Island near Banda Aceh, where tsunamis 15 to 30 meters high hit coastal villages, nobody survived. Along the valley about 1 km north of the cement plant, seawater rose to a height of 34.8 m above MSL, which is the highest recorded inundation measured in our survey.

Madagascar Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 263-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emile A. Okal ◽  
Hermann M. Fritz ◽  
Ranto Raveloson ◽  
Garo Joelson ◽  
Petra Pančošková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Local Factors ◽  
Visible Activity

The effects of the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on the island of Madagascar were surveyed in July and August of 2005. Runup and inundation were obtained at 52 sites, covering most of the eastern coast of the country, ranging from a maximum runup of 5.4 m in the south to locations where the tsunami was not observed by eyewitnesses present on the day of the event. The data set is characterized by significant heterogeneity, suggesting the importance of local factors in controlling runup. The report of a 50-m vessel breaking its moorings in the port of Toamasina several hours after the maximum visible activity of the wave underscores the complexity of harbor responses and the need to re-evaluate civil defense policies in port environments. Important factors are how the Malagasy population responded to the warning issued during the Nias earthquake, on 28 March 2005, and the hazard posed to Madagascar by possible future mega-earthquakes in south Sumatra.

scholarly journals Characteristics of building fragility curves for seismic and non-seismic tsunamis: case studies of the 2018 Sunda Strait, 2018 Sulawesi–Palu, and 2004 Indian Ocean tsunamis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2313-2344
Author(s):  
Elisa Lahcene ◽  
Ioanna Ioannou ◽  
Anawat Suppasri ◽  
Kwanchai Pakoksung ◽  
Ryan Paulik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Flow Depth ◽  
Damage State ◽  
Tsunami Damage ◽  
Earthquake Model ◽  
Tsunami Fragility ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Banda Aceh

Abstract. Indonesia has experienced several tsunamis triggered by seismic and non-seismic (i.e., landslides) sources. These events damaged or destroyed coastal buildings and infrastructure and caused considerable loss of life. Based on the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) guidelines, this study assesses the empirical tsunami fragility to the buildings inventory of the 2018 Sunda Strait, 2018 Sulawesi–Palu, and 2004 Indian Ocean (Khao Lak–Phuket, Thailand) tsunamis. Fragility curves represent the impact of tsunami characteristics on structural components and express the likelihood of a structure reaching or exceeding a damage state in response to a tsunami intensity measure. The Sunda Strait and Sulawesi–Palu tsunamis are uncommon events still poorly understood compared to the Indian Ocean tsunami (IOT), and their post-tsunami databases include only flow depth values. Using the TUNAMI two-layer model, we thus reproduce the flow depth, the flow velocity, and the hydrodynamic force of these two tsunamis for the first time. The flow depth is found to be the best descriptor of tsunami damage for both events. Accordingly, the building fragility curves for complete damage reveal that (i) in Khao Lak–Phuket, the buildings affected by the IOT sustained more damage than the Sunda Strait tsunami, characterized by shorter wave periods, and (ii) the buildings performed better in Khao Lak–Phuket than in Banda Aceh (Indonesia). Although the IOT affected both locations, ground motions were recorded in the city of Banda Aceh, and buildings could have been seismically damaged prior to the tsunami's arrival, and (iii) the buildings of Palu City exposed to the Sulawesi–Palu tsunami were more susceptible to complete damage than the ones affected by the IOT, in Banda Aceh, between 0 and 2 m flow depth. Similar to the Banda Aceh case, the Sulawesi–Palu tsunami load may not be the only cause of structural destruction. The buildings' susceptibility to tsunami damage in the waterfront of Palu City could have been enhanced by liquefaction events triggered by the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake.

Application of RTM 3D angle gathers to wide-azimuth data subsalt imaging

Geophysics ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. WB175-WB182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Huang ◽  
Bing Bai ◽  
Haiyong Quan ◽  
Tony Huang ◽  
Sheng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Updating ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
Azimuth Angle ◽  
Reverse Time ◽  
Reverse Time Migration ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Time Migration ◽  
Reflection Angle ◽  
Subsalt Imaging

The availability of wide-azimuth data and the use of reverse time migration (RTM) have dramatically increased the capabilities of imaging complex subsalt geology. With these improvements, the current obstacle for creating accurate subsalt images now lies in the velocity model. One of the challenges is to generate common image gathers that take full advantage of the additional information provided by wide-azimuth data and the additional accuracy provided by RTM for velocity model updating. A solution is to generate 3D angle domain common image gathers from RTM, which are indexed by subsurface reflection angle and subsurface azimuth angle. We apply these 3D angle gathers to subsalt tomography with the result that there were improvements in velocity updating with a wide-azimuth data set in the Gulf of Mexico.

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