Damage and Height Distribution of Sumatra Earthquake-Tsunami of December 26, 2004, in Banda Aceh City and its Environs

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshinobu Tsuji ◽  
◽  
Yuichiro Tanioka ◽  
Hideo Matsutomi ◽  
Yuichi Nishimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Height Distribution ◽  
Sumatra Earthquake ◽  
The West ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Town ◽  
Banda Aceh

A huge earthquake of magnitude M 9.0 occurred at 00:58 (UT), December 26, 2004, in the sea off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia, followed by a huge tsunami that hit almost all coasts facing the Indian Ocean. We conducted a field survey in the residential area of Banda Aceh, the town of the severest damage by the tsunami, on the west coast of the northernmost point Sumatra, Sigli City, about 80 kilometers east of Banda Aceh three-four weeks after the event. In Banda Aceh, almost all houses in the residential area about 2 km from the coast were swept away, while houses more than 3 km rarely were. Inundation continued about 5 to 6 km from the shoreline. In Lhoknga and several villages on the west coast of Sumatra Island near Banda Aceh, where tsunamis 15 to 30 meters high hit coastal villages, nobody survived. Along the valley about 1 km north of the cement plant, seawater rose to a height of 34.8 m above MSL, which is the highest recorded inundation measured in our survey.

Myanmar Coastal Area Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tint Lwin Swe ◽  
Kenji Satake ◽  
Than Tin Aung ◽  
Yuki Sawai ◽  
Yukinobu Okamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Real Time ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Sumatra Earthquake ◽  
The West ◽  
Tide Level ◽  
The Indian Ocean

A post-tsunami survey was conducted along the Myanmar coast two months after the 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake ( Mw=9.0) that occurred off the west coast of Sumatra and generated a devastating tsunami around the Indian Ocean. Visual observations, measurements, and a survey of local people's experiences with the tsunami indicated some reasons why less damage and fewer casualties occurred in Myanmar than in other countries around the Indian Ocean. The tide level at the measured sites was calibrated with reference to a real-time tsunami datum, and the tsunami tide level range was 2–3 m for 22 localities in Myanmar. The tsunami arrived three to four hours after the earthquake.

Two Notes on Ptolemy's Geography of India

1941 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
The West ◽  
Market Town ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
Good Access ◽  
The Western Ghats ◽  
Market Towns

The Periplus Marts Erythræ describes the seaports below Barygaza in the following way according to Schoff's translation: “The market-towns of this region are, in order, after Barygaza: Suppara, and the city of Calliena, which in the time of the elder Saraganus became a lawful market-town; but since it came into the possession of Sandares [an unjustified conjecture for the text's Sandanes] the port is much obstructed, and Greek ships landing there may chance to be taken to Barygaza under guard. Beyond Calliena there are other market-towns of this region; Semylla.…” Suppara is now Sopara on the coast above Bassein, Semylla is Cemūla of two inscriptions, now Chaul, and Calliena is Kalyāṇa. This last, situated at the foot of the two regular ascents of the Western Ghats leading towards Nasik and Poona respectively and with good access to the sea, was the natural outlet for the commerce of the Andhra dominions on the west coast, and the notice, just quoted, shows how its trade was stifled, as the Kṣaharātas extended their rule southwards from Broach. It is unnecessary here to consider who are the kings alluded to in this passage or in the earlier one mentioning Nambanus (a conjecture for the text's Mambarus), but clearly we are dealing with the rivalry of the Western Satraps and the Andhra kings. That the former were successful in their policy towards Kalyāṇa is shown by Ptolemy's omission of the town. The order he gives (taking Renou's text) is Souppara mouth of the River Goaris, Dounga, mouth of the River Bêndas, Semyla.

English Private Trade on the West Coast of India, c. 1680–c. 1740

Itinerario ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Davies
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
East India Company ◽  
The West ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
West Coast Of India ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
English East India Company ◽  
Indian Ocean World

This article explores the private trade networks of English East India Company merchants on the west coast of India during the first half of the eighteenth century. Existing studies of English private trade in the Indian Ocean have almost exclusively focused on India's eastern seaboard, the Coromandel Coast and the Bay of Bengal regions. This article argues that looking at private trade from the perspective of the western Indian Ocean provides a different picture of this important branch of European trade. It uses EIC records and merchants' private papers to argue against recent metropolitan-centred approaches to English private trade, instead emphasising the importance of more localised political and economic contexts, within the Indian Ocean world, for shaping the conduct and success of this commerce.

scholarly journals Co-existence of wind seas and swells along the west coast of India during non-monsoon season

Ocean Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rashmi ◽  
V. M. Aboobacker ◽  
P. Vethamony ◽  
M. P. John
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
The West ◽  
West Coast Of India ◽  
Wave Parameters ◽  
Wind Sea ◽  
Calm Weather ◽  
Sea Wind ◽  
Almost All

Abstract. An attempt has been made to understand the co-existence of wind seas and swells along the west coast of India during non-monsoon season. Wave data were collected in different years during non-monsoon season (off Goa during May 2005, off Ratnagiri during January–February 2008 and off Dwarka during December 2007–January 2008), which is fairly a calm weather season along these regions. Diurnal variation in wave parameters is noticeable along the central west coast of India (off Goa and Ratnagiri), which is due to the interaction of multidirectional waves (both wind seas and swells) of varying magnitudes and frequencies. Swells are predominantly mature (91%) and old (88%) during late pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Sea Swell Energy Ratio quantifies wind sea, swell and mixed seas prevailing in these regions during non-monsoon season. Intermodal distance (ID) between the energy peaks is moderately separated during non-monsoon season, whereas, during the shamal events, energy peaks are very close to each other (ID ∼ 0). However, pure wind seas (ID ∼ 1) are weakly present and found to co-exist with the swells almost all the time during non-monsoon season. Wind sea growth has been found while the swell propagates opposite to the direction of the wind and wind sea. Wind seas have minimum angular spreads in multimodal state. Under low winds, the interaction between wind sea and swell dominates and thereby the multimodal state reduces to unimodal state. The fetch available for the evolution of the wind sea spectrum has been estimated, and it is found to be less than 150 km. For the fetch limited condition, a non-dimensional empirical relation has been derived relating the significant wind sea height in terms of wind speed and peak wind sea period, and this relation fits for the west coast of India.

List of the Parasites Recorded from Sea Mammals Caught off the West Coast of North America

1954 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
American West ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Single Species ◽  
The West ◽  
North American West ◽  
The North ◽  
Sea Mammals ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Host Parasite

A parasite-host list and host-parasite list, with complete references, of the ecto- and endo-parasites recorded from marine mammals of the North American west coast are presented. One trematode, 7 nematodes, 1 acanthocephalid, 1 copepod, 6 cirripedes, 5 amphipods and a lamprey are reported from 12 species of Cetacea. From 8 species of Pinnipedia, 5 trematodes, 4 cestodes, 12 nematodes, 7 acanthocephalids, 5 Acarina and 4 Anoplura are listed. A single species of Fissipedia has yielded 4 trematodes, 1 cestode, 1 nematode and 2 acanthocephalids, almost all of which have been found in Pinnipedia.

scholarly journals The domestic mosquitos of Accra

1916 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Scott Macfie ◽  
A. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
The West ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
The Town

Samples of water containing mosquito larvae are collected at Accra by the Sanitary Inspectors, and are sent regularly to the Laboratory for identification. The number of samples submitted in this way is never very large, and varies considerably from time to time; but, recently, a careful examination has been made of all the specimens received during a complete year, and it is proposed to analyse in this paper the materials thus collected. In 1910–1911 Graham made a similar study of the larvae found in native water-receptacles at Lagos, and it will therefore be interesting to compare our results with those obtained by him.Accra, the capital of the Gold Coast Colony, is situated on the coast a few miles west of the meridian of Greenwich and about 330 miles north of the Equator. The town itself is divided into three portions, Accra proper to the west, Christiansborg where the Governor resides to the east, and the official residential area Victoriaborg between these two. The surrounding country is level for some miles, but the actual site of the town slopes slightly upwards as it recedes from the sea. Accra is a very dry and dusty town, almost completely denuded of vegetation. The rainfall is low ; during the twelve months under consideration, December 1914 to November 1915, 21·75 inches of rain fell. During the same period the maximum shade temperature averaged 85·39°, the minimum 73·83°, and the relative humidity 72·46°. The physical features and climatic conditions of Accra differ therefore greatly from those of Lagos, a low-lying town surrounded by swamps with an average rainfall of about 70 inches.

NAKHUDAS AND NAUVITTAKAS: SHIP-OWNING MERCHANTS IN THE WEST COAST OF INDIA (C. AD 1000-1500)

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranabir Chakravarti
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Religious Toleration ◽  
Western India ◽  
The West ◽  
West Coast Of India ◽  
Cultural Activities ◽  
The Indian Ocean

AbstractAmong the diverse types of merchants active in India during the first half of the second millennium, the ship-owning merchants occupy a prominent position in the coastal areas of western India (especially at ports). These merchants are given distinct epithets nakhuda and nauvittaka, the two terms being occasionally used as interchangeable ones and also in their abbreviated forms in official documents. Known from the medieval Jewish letters of 'India Traders', copper plates, a bilingual inscription, Arabic accounts and epitaphs and Jaina carita (biographical) texts, nakudas and nauvittkas of different religious leanings (Jewish, Muslim and Hindu) illustrate remarkable co-operation and social amity and religious toleration, which underline their importance in the Indian Ocean maritime network prior to AD 1500. Possessing considerable wealth, these ship-owning merchants can be considered as elites in the ports of coastal western India and were also known for their patronage to religious and cultural activities. The paper is presented as a tribute to the memory of Professor Ashin Das Gupta who immensely enlightened us on the ship-owners of coastal western India between 1500-1800.

scholarly journals Field surveys and numerical modelling of the 2004 December 26 Indian Ocean tsunami in the area of Mumbai, west coast of India

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 1952-1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Heidarzadeh ◽  
Alexander Rabinovich ◽  
Satoshi Kusumoto ◽  
C P Rajendran
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Subduction Zone ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Subduction Zones ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Tide Gauge Records ◽  
Makran Subduction Zone ◽  
The Indian Ocean

ABSTRACT In the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean (Sumatra-Andaman) tsunami, numerous survey teams investigated its effects on various locations across the Indian Ocean. However, these efforts were focused only on sites that experienced major destruction and a high death toll. As a consequence, some Indian Ocean coastal megacities were not examined. Among the cities not surveyed was Mumbai, the principal west coast port and economical capital of India with a population of more than 12 million. Mumbai is at risk of tsunamis from two major subduction zones in the Indian Ocean: the Sumatra–Andaman subduction zone (SASZ) and the Makran subduction zone (MSZ). As a part of the present study, we conducted a field survey of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami effects in Mumbai, analysed the available tide gauge records and performed tsunami simulations. Our field survey in 2018 January found run-up heights of 1.6−3.3 m in the Mumbai area. According to our analysis of tide gauge data, tsunami trough-to-crest heights in Okha (550 km to the north of Mumbai) and in Mormugao (410 km to the south of Mumbai) were 46 cm and 108 cm, respectively. Simulations of a hypothetical MSZ Mw 9.0 earthquake and tsunami, together with the Mw 9.1 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake and tsunami, show that the tsunami heights generated in Mumbai by an MSZ tsunami would be significantly larger than those generated by the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman tsunami. This result indicates that future tsunami hazard mitigation for Mumbai needs to be based on a potential large MSZ earthquake rather than an SASZ earthquake.

scholarly journals Social Flux and Disaster Management: An Essay on the Construction of an Indonesian Model for Disaster Management and Reconstruction

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshimi Nishi ◽  
◽  
Hiroyuki Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Management ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Sumatra Earthquake ◽  
The West ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The World ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
The Indian Ocean

To understand the socially rooted measures in disaster management and reconstruction, we studied Indonesia as amodel fromthe perspective of social flux, by incorporating the latest knowledge in this field. Characteristically, in Indonesian society, people move so frequently that it is difficult for information or knowledge to accumulate; their living and occupational forms are constantly in flux. Because of these characteristics, supporters and local residents of Indonesia have devised a variety of measures for effective disaster management, humanitarian assistance, and reconstruction. However, such measures have often not been positively evaluated – they have been viewed as an immature response of Indonesian society. In this paper, we have positively reviewed the various measures taken in response to the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, the Java earthquake of 2006, and the West Sumatra Earthquake of 2009 in order to construct an Indonesian model of disaster management and reconstruction from the perspective of social flux. We hope the proposed model will also prove effective in many other parts of the world.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document