Performance of Structures in Indonesia during the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 295-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Saatcioglu ◽  
Ahmed Ghobarah ◽  
Ioan Nistor
Keyword(s):  
Tsunami Wave ◽  
Seismic Damage ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Sumatra Earthquake ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Engineered Structures ◽  
Engineering Significance ◽  
Seismic Forces ◽  
Banda Aceh

A reconnaissance was conducted in Indonesia to investigate the effects of the 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami on buildings, bridges, and other physical infrastructure. The infrastructure in the coastal regions of Banda Aceh was completely devastated by both tsunami wave pressures and seismic ground excitations. The damaging effects of the tsunami were most pronounced in unreinforced masonry walls, nonengineered reinforced concrete buildings, and low-rise timber-framed buildings. Engineered structures survived the tsunami pressure, but many suffered extensive damage due to seismic forces. The majority of the seismic damage was attributed to poor design and detailing of nonductile buildings. Specific observations made during the reconnaissance indicate the engineering significance of the disaster.

Performance of Structures in Thailand during the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 355-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Saatcioglu ◽  
Ahmed Ghobarah ◽  
Ion Nistor
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Frame ◽  
Concrete Frame ◽  
Frame Buildings ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Engineered Structures ◽  
Engineering Significance ◽  
2004 Tsunami

A reconnaissance was conducted in Thailand to investigate the effects of the 26 December 2004 tsunami on buildings, bridges, and other physical infrastructure. It was observed that nonengineered reinforced concrete buildings, low-rise timber frames, and unreinforced masonry walls suffered extensive damage from hydrodynamic pressures generated by the tsunami. A large number of nonengineered reinforced concrete frame buildings experienced partial or total collapse, while well-designed engineered structures survived the tsunami with little or no damage. Specific observations made during the reconnaissance indicate the engineering significance of the disaster.

Observations on Reconstruction in Banda Aceh after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 819-827
Author(s):  
Earl Kessler
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Sumatra Earthquake ◽  
Planning Strategy ◽  
Planning Strategies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Core Issues ◽  
Technical Guidance ◽  
Banda Aceh

A set of observations on reconstruction were made during the author's field work in Banda Aceh in March 2005. The Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre was contracted to provide technical guidance and support to the Government of Indonesia and the UN to develop a planning strategy for recovery in Aceh. Planning strategies were developed at a number of key meetings, and core issues and recommendations were identified.

Landscape Changes in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 43-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javed N. Malik ◽  
C. V. R. Murty ◽  
Durgesh C. Rai
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Tsunami Wave ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Sumatra Earthquake ◽  
Landscape Changes ◽  
Andaman And Nicobar Islands ◽  
Nicobar Islands ◽  
Reconnaissance Surveys

Plate tectonics after the 26 December 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake resulted in major topological changes in the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Aerial and land reconnaissance surveys of those islands after the earthquake provide evidence of spectacular plate tectonics that took place during the earthquake. Initial submergence of the built environment and the subsequent inundation upon arrival of the tsunami wave, as well as emergence of the new beaches along the islands—particularly on the western rims of the islands and in the northern islands—are the major signatures of this Mw=9.3 event.

Northern Sumatra Field Survey after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 93-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose C. Borrero ◽  
Costas E. Synolakis ◽  
Hermann Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Sumatra Earthquake ◽  
Flow Depth ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Runup Height ◽  
Banda Aceh

A field survey of earthquake and tsunami effects was conducted in the region around Banda Aceh in northern Sumatra. The field data included visual observations of watermarks, which were located via handheld GPS units and then photographed. Where possible, watermarks were surveyed along cross-shore profiles to determine runup height. Additional information on wave arrival and behavior—including the timing and the number of waves—was collected through interviews with witnesses and survivors and from video recorded during the tsunami event. These data were used in conjunction with satellite imagery obtained before and shortly after the earthquake to describe the effects of the tsunami and earthquake in terms of runup height, inundation distance, flow depth, levels of structural damage, shoreline erosion, and earthquake-related subsidence. This data set is far from complete, and additional information is needed to fully assess the tsunami effects in northern Sumatra.

Myanmar Coastal Area Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tint Lwin Swe ◽  
Kenji Satake ◽  
Than Tin Aung ◽  
Yuki Sawai ◽  
Yukinobu Okamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Real Time ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Sumatra Earthquake ◽  
The West ◽  
Tide Level ◽  
The Indian Ocean

A post-tsunami survey was conducted along the Myanmar coast two months after the 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake ( Mw=9.0) that occurred off the west coast of Sumatra and generated a devastating tsunami around the Indian Ocean. Visual observations, measurements, and a survey of local people's experiences with the tsunami indicated some reasons why less damage and fewer casualties occurred in Myanmar than in other countries around the Indian Ocean. The tide level at the measured sites was calibrated with reference to a real-time tsunami datum, and the tsunami tide level range was 2–3 m for 22 localities in Myanmar. The tsunami arrived three to four hours after the earthquake.

Fluid-structure interaction computational analysis and experiments of tsunami bore forces on coastal bridges

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1373-1395
Author(s):  
Iman Mazinani ◽  
Mohammad Mohsen Sarafraz ◽  
Zubaidah Ismail ◽  
Ahmad Mustafa Hashim ◽  
Mohammad Reza Safaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tsunami Wave ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Fluid Structure Interaction ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Fluid Structure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Coastal Bridges ◽  
Structure Interaction ◽  
Wave Flume ◽  
Wave Heights

Purpose Two disastrous Tsunamis, one on the west coast of Sumatra Island, Indonesia, in 2004 and another in North East Japan in 2011, had seriously destroyed a large number of bridges. Thus, experimental tests in a wave flume and a fluid structure interaction (FSI) analysis were constructed to gain insight into tsunami bore force on coastal bridges. Design/methodology/approach Various wave heights and shallow water were used in the experiments and computational process. A 1:40 scaled concrete bridge model was placed in mild beach profile similar to a 24 × 1.5 × 2 m wave flume for the experimental investigation. An Arbitrary Lagrange Euler formulation for the propagation of tsunami solitary and bore waves by an FSI package of LS-DYNA on high-performance computing system was used to evaluate the experimental results. Findings The excellent agreement between experiments and computational simulation is shown in results. The results showed that the fully coupled FSI models could capture the tsunami wave force accurately for all ranges of wave heights and shallow depths. The effects of the overturning moment, horizontal, uplift and impact forces on a pier and deck of the bridge were evaluated in this research. Originality/value Photos and videos captured during the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 and the 2011 Japan tsunami showed solitary tsunami waves breaking offshore, along with an extremely turbulent tsunami-induced bore propagating toward shore with significantly higher velocity. Consequently, the outcomes of this current experimental and numerical study are highly relevant to the evaluation of tsunami bore forces on the coastal, over sea or river bridges. These experiments assessed tsunami wave forces on deck pier showing the complete response of the coastal bridge over water.

Numerical Study on Wave Attenuation of Tsunami-Like Wave by Emergent Rigid Vegetation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
K. Qu ◽  
G. Y. Lan ◽  
S. Kraatz ◽  
W. Y. Sun ◽  
B. Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solitary Waves ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Tsunami Wave ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Vegetation Density ◽  
Rigid Vegetation ◽  
Total Wave

The extreme surges and waves generated in tsunamis can cause devastating damages to coastal infrastructures and threaten the intactness of coastal communities. After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, extensive physical experiments and numerical simulations have been conducted to understand the wave attenuation of tsunami waves due to coastal forests. Nearly all prior works used solitary waves as the tsunami wave model, but the spatial-temporal scales of realistic tsunamis differ drastically from that of solitary waves in both wave period and wavelength. More recent work has questioned the applicability of solitary waves and been looking towards more realistic tsunami wave models. Therefore, aiming to achieve more realistic and accurate results, this study will use a parameterized tsunami-like wave based on wave observations during the 2011 Japan tsunami to study the wave attenuation of a tsunami wave by emergent rigid vegetation. This study uses a high-resolution numerical wave tank based on the non-hydrostatic wave model (NHWAVE). This work examines effects of prominent factors, such as wave height, water depth, vegetation density and width, on the wave attenuation efficiency of emergent rigid vegetation. Results indicate that the vegetation patch can dissipate a considerable amount of the total wave energy of the tsunami-like wave. However, the tsunami-like wave has a higher total wave energy, but also a lower wave energy dissipation rate. Results show that using a solitary instead of a tsunami-like wave profile can overestimate the wave attenuation efficiency of the coastal forest.

The Effect of the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami on Transportation Systems in India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 561-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Durgesh C. Rai ◽  
C. V.R. Murty ◽  
Sudhir K. Jain ◽  
Hemant B. Kaushik ◽  
Goutam Mondal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Condition ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Andaman Islands ◽  
Sumatra Earthquake ◽  
Andaman And Nicobar Islands ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Major Disaster ◽  
Trunk Road ◽  
Nicobar Islands

Boats and ships are the major modes of transportation among the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands. The Andaman Trunk Road also forms an important part of the transportation system in the Andaman Islands north of Port Blair. The harbor structures in the islands were the most affected during the ground shaking; the result heavily disrupted the lives of the island residents. These transportation systems are expected to be in working condition after a major disaster, to facilitate the search and rescue operations and the relief work in the affected areas. A reconnaissance team surveyed the damage that the 2004 earthquake and tsunami caused to the transportation structures in the islands. Damage was observed in all transportation systems, including harbors, highways, airports, and hangars.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document