Zinc deficiency impairs whole body accumulation of polyunsaturates and increases the utilization of [1-14C]linoleate for de novo lipid synthesis in pregnant rats

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 1246-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Cunnane ◽  
J. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Whole Body Metabolism ◽  
Zinc Deficient Diet

Zinc deficiency impairs the metabolism of polyunsaturates, but the degree to which its effects are independent of food intake are still in question. Identical amounts of a semiliquid control diet (26.4 mg zinc/kg) or moderately zinc deficient diet (3.2 mg zinc/kg) were tube fed to rats for 11 days during the second half of pregnancy to evaluate the specific effects of zinc deficiency on maternal utilization and fetal accumulation of polyunsaturates. The whole body fatty acid balance method was used to determine net accumulation of polyunsaturates and their whole-body disappearance. Incorporation of 14C from [1-14C]linoleate into maternal and fetal lipid classes was also studied on days 20–21. At term, zinc-deficient rats had significantly higher whole-body disappearance of linoleate and α-linolenate and lower accumulation of n−6 and n−3 long-chain polyunsaturates. Zinc-deficient rats had higher 14C activity in free cholesterol, saturates, and monounsaturates in several maternal organs but not in the fetuses. We conclude that during pregnancy, moderate zinc deficiency not affecting food intake or weight gain still alters whole-body metabolism of linoleate and α-linolenate towards increased β-oxidation and also increases the utilization of carbon from linoleate for de novo lipid synthesis.Key words: cholesterol, linoleate, α-linolenate, oxidation, polyunsaturates, pregnancy, zinc.

scholarly journals Differential Metabolic Responses to Adipose Atrophy Associated with Cancer Cachexia and Caloric Restriction in Rats and the Effect of Rikkunshito in Cancer Cachexia

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuka Sudo ◽  
Hiroki Otsuka ◽  
Ryota Miyakawa ◽  
Akifumi Goto ◽  
Yohei Kashiwase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Wasting Syndrome ◽  
Whole Body Metabolism

Despite the similar phenotypes, including weight loss, reduction of food intake, and lower adiposity, associated with caloric restriction (CR) and cancer cachexia (CC), CC is a progressive wasting syndrome, while mild CR improves whole body metabolism. In the present study, we compared adipose metabolic changes in a novel rat model of CC, mild CR (70% of the food intake of control rats, which is similar to the food consumption of CC rats), and severe CR (30% of the food intake of controls). We show that CC and severe CR are associated with much smaller adipocytes with significantly lower mitochondrial DNA content; but, that mild CR is not. CC and both mild and severe CR similarly upregulated proteins involved in lipolysis. CC also downregulated proteins involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, but mild CR upregulated these. These findings suggest that CC might impair de novo fatty acid biosynthesis and reduce mitochondrial biogenesis, similar to severe CR. We also found that rikkunshito, a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, does not ameliorate the enhanced lipolysis and mitochondrial impairment, but rather, rescues de novo fatty acid biosynthesis, suggesting that rikkunshito administration might have partially similar effects to mild CR.

Low zinc intake increases apparent oxidation of linoleic and α-linolenic acids in the pregnant rat

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Cunnane ◽  
J. Yang ◽  
Z.-Y. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
Pregnant Rat ◽  
Linoleic Acid Oxidation ◽  
Long Chain

Dietary zinc deficiency impairs desaturation and elongation of linoleic acid, but nothing is so far known about its effects on net whole-body utilization of linoleic or α-linolenic acids. By measuring intake, whole-body accumulation, and excretion of linoleic and α-linolenic acids, together with accumulation of their long-chain products, we hypothesized that a quantitative estimate could be obtained of their whole-body disappearance (apparent oxidation). This was evaluated in pregnant and nonpregnant rats given a low-zinc diet (3.4 vs. 34 mg zinc/kg diet in zinc-adequate controls). In the nonpregnant controls, low zinc intake did not significantly affect food intake or weight gain but did reduce whole-body accumulation of desaturated and (or) elongated products of linoleic and α-linolenic acids. In pregnant rats, low zinc intake reduced food intake and weight gain and doubled whole-body disappearance of linoleic and α-linolenic acids relative to that in the zinc-adequate controls. In contrast to the maternal fatty acid changes, low zonc intake had no significant effect on linoleic acid accumulation in the fetuses. We conclude that low zinc intake during pregnancy prevents the normal accumulation of long-chain fatty acids and differentially depletes maternal whole-body stores of linoleic and α-linolenic acids.Key words: fetus, linoleic acid, oxidation, pregnancy, zinc.

scholarly journals Clinical examination of weanling rats with early zinc deficiency

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Van Herck ◽  
J. P. Van Wouwe ◽  
M. Veldhuizen ◽  
V. Baumans ◽  
F. R. Stafleu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Weanling Rats ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Zinc Deficient Diet

In order to gain experience about the detection of adverse effects during a scientific procedure, we carried out a clinical examination of rats with zinc deficiency. In weanling rats fed a zinc-deficient diet (30 μmol zinc/kg) for 10 days, the mean tibial concentration of zinc was reduced by 53% and body weight gain by 73070 when compared with rats fed a diet containing an adequate amount of zinc (150 μmol zinc/kg). In a small open field on day 9 of the experiment, the deficient rats more frequently displayed the posture standing upright with elevated heels. On day 10 of the experiment a clinical examination was carried out at random and 'blind' by three independent assessors. Out of 20 variables scored quantitatively on each individual animal, only body size differed between normal and deficient rats. Other classical signs of zinc deficiency, such as alopecia, dermatitis and diarrhoea, were not detected. It is concluded that in this rat model of zinc deficiency, no evidence for extreme discomfort can be demonstrated.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) effects on pups growth, milk composition and lipogenic enzymes in lactating rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Aparecida Hayashi ◽  
Sérgio Raposo de Medeiros ◽  
Marina Hojaij Carvalho ◽  
Dante Pazzanese Duarte Lanna
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Biological Properties

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has a range of biological properties, including effects on lipid metabolism, milk and body composition in animals. This study investigated the effects of dietary CLA on lactating rats and development of the suckling pups. Dams were fed either a control diet or the same diet supplemented with 25 g/kg of a fat supplement containing 540 g CLA/kg (final concentration of 13·5 g CLA/kg diet) from parturition to the 15th day post-partum. The CLA mixture used in this study contained the following isomers (per 100 g): cis-9, trans-11 (24 g); cis-10, trans-12 (35 g); cis-8, trans-10 (15 g); cis-11, trans-13 (17 g) and others (9 g). On d 15 post partum, CLA supplementation reduced milk fat content by 33% and pup growth by 21%. The milk fatty acid profile, with decreased content of short and medium chain acids, suggests CLA inhibition was more pronounced for de novo lipid synthesis. Consistent with these results, activities of fatty acid synthase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were reduced by CLA treatment in the mammary gland and liver. In contrast, the activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase was unchanged.

Quantitative measurements of dietary and [1-14C]linoleate metabolism in pregnant rats: specific influence of moderate zinc depletion independent of food intake

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 1180-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jilin Yang ◽  
Stephen C. Cunnane
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Zinc Depletion ◽  
Fetal Organs

Our objective was to investigate whether the effects of moderate zinc deficiency on metabolism of linoleate during pregnancy could be distinguished from the effects of low food intake. Rats were force-fed an isoenergetic zinc-deficient (3.2 mg/kg) or control (26.4 mg/kg) semiliquid diet during the second half of pregnancy. Fatty acid quantity and composition in both maternal and fetal organs were analyzed at term. Recovery of 14C in lipid- and water-soluble metabolites from orally injected [1-14C]linoleate was also studied. After 10 days of gavaging identical amounts of the diet, zinc-deficient rats had lower serum zinc and lower uterus and placenta weights than controls, but body weights were similar. At term, zinc-deficient rats had a fatty acid composition in organs and carcass similar to that of the controls, but the zinc-deficient fetuses had lower long-chain n−6 and n−3 polyunsaturates in brain, liver, and carcasses. Lipids extracted from most organs of zinc-deficient rats contained lower 14C levels, but 14C was raised in the maternal carcass lipids and in water-soluble metabolites. We conclude that zinc deficiency during pregnancy increases oxidation of linoleate and decreases synthesis or transport of polyunsaturates to the fetuses and that these effects are independent of depressed food intake, i.e., they are specific to zinc depletion. Thus, zinc deficiency has distinct effects on fatty acid metabolism, which are readily observed using 14C tracer methods.Key words: fetus, linoleic acid, pregnancy, zinc deficiency.

scholarly journals Whole-body metabolism of glucose and lactate in productive sheep and cows

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Baird ◽  
J. G. Van Der Walt ◽  
E. N. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Metabolic Pattern ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Lactate Turnover ◽  
Whole Body Metabolism

1. Constant infusions of D-[U-14C]glucose, D-[6−3H]glucose and L-[U-14C]lactate were used to determine rates of apparent turnover, de novo production, disposal and interconversions of glucose and lactate, together with total recycling of glucose-C, in ewes and dairy cows during late pregnancy and early lactation. The cows were also examined while being fasted. In the fed animals, infusions were made within 5 h after the morning meal when steady-state conditions appeared to exist.2. In the ewes, circulating concentrations of glucose and lactate, and magnitudes of apparent turnovers of glucose and lactate, tended to be higher during lactation than during pregnancy, while the extent of interconversions of glucose and lactate tended to be lower.3. Although the metabolic pattern seen in the cows appeared to be similar to that of the ewes during pregnancy, there were clear differences during lactation. Thus, in the lactating cows, as compared with the lactating ewes, circulating concentrations of glucose and lactate were lower, as was apparent lactate turnover related to metabolic body-weight. Furthermore, the percentage of lactate turnover converted to glucose was higher.4. In the cows, fasting was characterized by low rates of apparent turnover of glucose and lactate and relatively high rates of interconversion of the two compounds.5. The results indicated that, under the conditions used in this study and when feeding is to recommended levels, carbohydrate metabolism in ewes is more precarious during late pregnancy than during early lactation, while in dairy cows it is more or less equally precarious in both physiological states.6. A further conclusion is that the extent of glucose–lactate interconversions, and thus Cori cycle activity, seems to be lower in ruminants than in other species.

Zinc deficiency and host response to helminth infection: Echinostoma caproni infections in CBA mice

1996 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bæk ◽  
P. E. Simonsen ◽  
H. Friis ◽  
N. Ø. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Echinostoma Caproni ◽  
Cba Mice ◽  
Iga Response ◽  
Worm Expulsion ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Zinc Deficient Diet

AbstractThe effect of zinc deficiency on the response of CBA mice to infection with the intestinal trematode Echinostoma caproni was examined. Young CBA mice were allocated to one of three dietary groups: a group fed a zinc deficient diet ad libitum, a control group pair fed a zinc sufficient diet and a control group fed a zinc sufficient diet ad libitum. The mice on the zinc deficient diet gained significantly less weight than the pair fed controls. In primary infections with six E. caproni metacercariae followed over a period of 128 days, zinc deficiency delayed worm expulsion. In addition, zinc deficiency resulted in a prolonged IgM response, a delayed IgG response and an increased IgA response towards the end of the experiment. Resistance to challenge infection day 21 following a primary infection with 25 E. caproni metacercariae was slightly, but not significantly, affected by zinc deficiency.

scholarly journals Intermittent Leucine Deprivation Produces Long-Lasting Improvement in Insulin Sensitivity by Increasing Hepatic Gcn2 Expression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanrui Yin ◽  
Feixiang Yuan ◽  
Fuxin Jiao ◽  
Yuguo Niu ◽  
Xiaoxue Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Metabolic Memory ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Potential Formation

<a>Leucine deprivation improves insulin sensitivity; however, whether and how this effect can be extended is unknown. We hypothesized that intermittent leucine deprivation (ILD) might produce a long-term effect on improved insulin sensitivity via the formation of metabolic memory. Consistently, seven ILD cycles treatment (1-day leucine-deficient diet, 3-day control diet) in mice produced a long-lasting (after resuming a control diet for 49 days) effect on improved whole-body and hepatic insulin sensitivity in mice, indicating the potential formation of metabolic memory. Furthermore, the effects of ILD depended on hepatic general control nondepressible 2 (GCN2) expression as verified by gain-and loss-of-function experiments. Moreover, ILD increased <i>Gcn2 </i>expression by reducing its DNA methylation at two CpG promoter sites controlled by </a><a>demethylase</a> growth arrest and DNA damage inducible b. Finally, ILD also improved insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant mice. Thus, ILD induces long-lasting improvements in insulin sensitivity by increasing hepatic <i>Gcn2</i> expression via a reduction in its DNA methylation. These results provide novel insights into understanding the link between leucine deprivation and insulin sensitivity, as well as potential nutritional intervention strategies for treating insulin resistance and related diseases. We also provide evidence for liver-specific metabolic memory after ILD and novel epigenetic mechanisms for <i>Gcn2</i> regulation.

scholarly journals Zinc Supplementation Effect on the Bronchial Cilia Length, the Number of Cilia, and the Number of Intact Bronchial Cell in Zinc Deficiency Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Darma ◽  
Alpha Fardah Athiyyah ◽  
Reza Gunadi Ranuh ◽  
Wiweka Merbawani ◽  
Retno Asih Setyoningrum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Zinc Supplementation ◽  
Bronchial Epithelium ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
First Line ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Bronchial Epithelial ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Microtubule Formation ◽  
Zinc Deficient Diet

BACKGROUND: Airway epithelium is the first line of defense against a variety of exposures. Inflammatory processes, hyperresponsiveness and zinc deficiency cause epithelial damage. Zinc is involved in apoptosis and microtubule formation. However, its role in the integrity of bronchial mucosa and cilia is unclear.METHODS: To assess the effect of zinc on the integrity of the bronchial epithelium, 24 male Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar rats were randomized into four experimental groups: normal zinc diet group without zinc supplementation, normal zinc diet group with 60 ppm zinc supplementation, zinc deficient diet group without zinc supplementation, and zinc deficient diet group with 120 ppm zinc supplementation. Bronchial mucosal integrity was measured with the number of epithelial cells, and the number and length of cilia.RESULTS: Number of cell in normal zinc diet group was 8.8±1.82, while it was only 8.1±1.08 in zinc deficient diet group (p<0.001). Number of cilia per cell was 4.6±1.08 in normal zinc diet group, compared to 4.0±0.79 in zinc deficient diet group (p<0.001). Ciliary length also differ by 7.68±0.66 μm in normal zinc diet group and only 5.16±0.91 μm in zinc deficient diet group (p<0.001).CONCLUSION: Zinc supplementation of the normal zinc diet group affected the length of bronchial cilia. Zinc supplementation of the zinc deficient diet group affected the integrity of the bronchial epithelium, which was shown by the number and length of cilia, and the number of epithelial cells.KEYWORDS: zinc, bronchial epithelial integrity, cilia length, number of cilia, epithelial cell 

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