Crown development in red pine stands. II. Relationships with stem growth

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy R. Larocque ◽  
Peter L. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Pine Stands

The development of red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) stands originating under different initial spacings was examined using three measures of growth efficiency that are similar in concept to relative growth rate: diameter at breast height (DBH) increment/crown width, DBH increment/crown projection, and DBH increment/foliage biomass. These three measures of efficiency decreased with increasing DBH in the absence of severe competition and increased with increasing DBH under severe competitive stress. This indicates that small trees occupied their aerial growing space better and utilized their foliage to produce stemwood more efficiently than large trees in the absence of competition, and that the effect of competition was to reverse this trend. Absolute and relative growth rates for DBH and the three measures of growth efficiency were related very significantly to absolute (e.g., crown width) and relative (e.g., crown width/crown length) measures of crown development.

Crown development in red pine stands. I. Absolute and relative growth measures

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 762-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy R. Larocque ◽  
Peter L. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Red Pine ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Shape Ratio

The crown development of red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) plantations originating from different initial spacings was studied between 13 and 33 years of age. First, the effect of spacing on models used to predict crown width and crown ratio from diameter at breast height (DBH) and height was examined. Models for trees of different ages that included all the spacings were found to predict crown growth measures as well as separate models derived for each spacing. Second, the following crown relative growth measures were studied: crown width/crown length (crown shape ratio), crown surface/crown volume, and foliage biomass/crown volume. The way such measures changed over time under different initial spacings was studied; these findings were compared with changes in relative growth rate (RGR), which can be used to evaluate the effect of competitive stress. Crown shape ratio decreased with an increase in DBH in the absence of severe competition, and increased with DBH under severe competitive stress. The other two crown relative growth measures were always negatively correlated with DBH; this shows that large trees use their aerial growing space less efficiently than small trees at all stages of stand development. Only crown shape ratio changed in the same way as RGR.

Functional growth analysis of red pine trees under variable intensities of competition

1998 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 728-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy R. Larocque
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Absolute Growth Rate ◽  
Absolute Growth

A functional approach is proposed for comparing the development of individual red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) trees which had been growing under different intensities of competition from ages 13 to 43. Growth rate measures, based on absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and the ratio of absolute growth rate to crown width, were obtained from the differentiation of a cumulative growth function. Individual tree data were obtained from stands of the same age, but with different initial spacings: 1.5 × 1.5 m, 2.4 × 2.4 m, and 4.3 × 4.3 m. The Chapman-Richards function represented adequately the growth trends of individual trees. While cumulative growth indicated a fairly consistent pattern, that is, the bigger the tree initially, the bigger it remained, absolute growth rate was not related to tree size. Some of the smallest trees had the greatest absolute growth rate. Relative growth rate was more informative on the effect of competition. Before competition became severe, small trees had greater relative growth rates than large trees, and the effect of competition was to reverse this trend. The ratio of absolute growth rate to crown width indicated that the ability of trees to occupy the aerial growing space was not related to tree size. Key words: red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), growth functions, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, functional approach

scholarly journals A TREE VOLUME TABLE FOR RED PINE BY CROWN WIDTH AND HEIGHT

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Bonnor
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Volume Table ◽  
Crown Width

A multiple regression analysis of parameters which can be measured or interpreted on aerial photographs showed that crown width and tree height exhibit a good correlation with diameter at breast height. A tree volume table based on the above relationship was constructed and tested with good results.

Ten-year growth comparison between rooted cuttings and seedlings of loblolly pine

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
H E Stelzer ◽  
G S Foster ◽  
V Shaw ◽  
J B McRae
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Stem Taper ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Rooted cuttings and seedlings of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were established in a central Alabama field trial. Five, full-sib families, with an average number of six clones per family, were evaluated. Mean cutting/seedling height ratios revealed that despite initial differences in size, relative growth rates of both propagule types stabilized and were equal by age 7 years. Through age 10 years, results show virtually no difference in height, diameter at breast height, volume, or stem taper between the rooted cuttings and seedlings.

scholarly journals Allocation of Wood Density in European Oak (Quercus robur L.) Trees Grown under a Canopy of Scots Pine

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 712
Author(s):  
Marcin Jakubowski ◽  
Marek Dobroczyński
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Major Purpose ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Biometric Features ◽  
Different Parts

The allocation of wood density in trees depends on many factors, but mainly on the tree species. A great number of studies have analysed wood density in dominant or codominant trees, but only a few have focused on trees grown under canopy. We examined the basic wood density and fresh wood density of natural origin oaks growing under canopy of artificially planted Scots pine. The major purpose of the work was to study the wood density allocation in different parts of the trees such as the trunk and branches. From a total of 80 oaks we selected eight model trees and measured biometric features of their trunks and crowns. Wood samples from different parts of the trunk and crown were collected after the trees were felled. We observed significant differences between the average basic wood density (595 kg·m−3) and the average fresh wood density (1031 kg·m−3). The central part of the trunk and heartwood shows much higher density than the outer part of the trunk and sapwood, which corresponds to the model of ring-porous trees. Both types of wood density (basic and fresh) were also higher in the trunk than in the branches. The wood density of the branches differed between two zones: A1, which was closer to the trunk and had higher density; and A2, which was farther away from the trunk with lower density. Wood density shows positive correlation with crown length but not with crown width, which was more connected with diameter at breast height. We found lower value of slenderness than the value reported by other authors in oaks planted without canopy. The allocation of wood density in trees is associated with the potential mechanical load.

scholarly journals Effects of Fertilization On The Growth Dominance of Inland Northwest Forests of The United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cen Chen ◽  
Andrew S. Nelson ◽  
Terry Shaw ◽  
Mark Kimsey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Inland Northwest ◽  
Nutrition Study ◽  
Limited Moisture

Abstract Large trees have disproportionally large competitive advantage in access to light, which has been proposed to increase growth dominance of large trees (e.g., accounting for a larger proportion of growth than volume of a stand). Tree growth may also be limited by the availability of other resources besides light. Nutrient deficiency, especially of nitrogen, is considered common among temperate forests, including mixed-conifer forests of the Inland Northwest of the United States. Data from a long-term forest nutrition study across four Inland Northwest states were analyzed to evaluate nitrogen × potassium fertilization's effects on growth dominance over an eight-year period following treatment in a region of complex forest vegetation types and site conditions. Our results show that growth dominance varied substantially across similar plots in each fertilization treatment, and its mean values generally were at minuscule magnitudes, negative, and not significantly different from zero. We propose that this lack of a clear pattern in growth dominance was the result of the mixed-species composition where shade-tolerant species remained in lower crown positions, yet their relative growth kept pace with large trees. Limited moisture availability at dry sites may have hampered the development of growth dominance. Growth dominance also was lowered by mortality observed among relatively large trees. The largely negative growth dominance across fertilization treatments indicates that small trees maintained higher relative growth rates than large trees, even if absolute growth and size was concentrated in large trees. In the case fertilization does improve stand growth, a significant part of this improved growth will be lost in density-dependent mortality over time if not captured through biomass removals.

A Measure of Economic Growth in East and in West Pakistan

1961 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
S. U. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Regional Planning ◽  
National Income ◽  
Future Planning ◽  
Correct Evaluation ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
National Planning ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Regional Basis ◽  
The Difference

It is sometimes said that "national planning will simply have no meaning if it completely ignores the economic disparities between the two wings and fails to evolve a sensible pattern of regional planning"2. The lack of much essential data on a regional basis, however, renders any precise estimate of the relative growth rates almost impossible. Data either are not available or are inadequate on such important variables as production, income, consumption and trade, so that even a correct evaluation of past development efforts is not possible. The implications of such a situation for future planning are not difficult to understand. In this article an attempt is made to estimate the absorption of specified commodities in East and West Pakistan separately3. This will indicate the pattern of consumption and also give a rough idea about the growth rate of the two wings. With this purpose in view, quantity indices of absorption are prepared for each wing separately, taking data on availability of goods and prices from the Institute's monograph on Inflation. The quantity indi¬ces, however, are not of course strictly comparable with national income estimates because of the difference in coverage of the two series. National income data include government, services, trade, etc., while the quantity indices cover only specified goods available for each region.

CHANGES IN ENZYMES AND PROTEINS IN SALT-SHOCKED VS. GRADIENT INCREASES IN NACL IN `POINSETT' CUCUMBER ROOTS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1091G-1091
Author(s):  
Anne K. Hurley ◽  
B. Greg Cobb
Keyword(s):  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Shock Treatment ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Salt Shock ◽  
Gradient Solution ◽  
Cucumber Roots ◽  
Average Plant ◽  
Plastochron Index

Cucumis sativus, L., `Poinsett' seedlings were grown under artificial light in 40% modified Hoagland's solution until an average plant plastochron index of 4.73 was reached. Plants were then placed in solutions of (1) 0 mM NaCl, (2) 80 mM NaCl (salt-shock), or (3) placed in a dropwise gradient solution of NaCl and Hoagland's until the final concentration of 80 mM NaCl was reached at 41 hours. Leaves of the 80 mM shock treatment wilted immediately, but recovered turgor within 6 hours. Leaves of 80 mM gradient did not wilt at anytime. The control and gradient treatments had relative growth rates which were similar to each other, but RGR decreased in the shock treatment. Invertase activity was measured in the roots at 24, 41, and 48 hours after initial treatment. Invertase activity of shock treatment increased significantly over the controls at 24 hours. The 80mM gradient was not significantly different than either treatment. Four isozymes of α– galactosidase were detected. The relative intensities of the bands varied with time and treatment. One invertase band was resolved in roots on 8% native acrylamide gels. SDS gels indicated increases in proteins in the gradient treatment compared to the control and the 80 mM shock treatment.

Rates of growth of the food fungus of the leaf-cutting ant Atta cephalotes (L.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on different substrates gathered by the ants

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mudd ◽  
G. L. Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Growth Inhibitors ◽  
Atta Cephalotes ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Foraging Preferences ◽  
Leaf Cutting ◽  
Rates Of Growth

AbstractGrowth of the food fungus of the leaf-cutting ant Atta cephalotes (L.) on extracts of plants selected by the ants was shown to be affected by the plant species, the pH of the extract, the concentration of the sap or plant extract and pretreatment of the substrate by the ants. It was not possible to establish an unambiguous relationship between the rate of growth of the fungus on leaf extracts and the foraging preferences of the ants for the leaves. There were indications, however, that the fungus grows most rapidly on extracts of plant material preferred by A. cephalotes. Relative growth rates of the fungus on different substrates may be related to the presence of growth inhibitors rather than to nutrient availability.

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