Crown development in red pine stands. I. Absolute and relative growth measures

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 762-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy R. Larocque ◽  
Peter L. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Red Pine ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Shape Ratio

The crown development of red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) plantations originating from different initial spacings was studied between 13 and 33 years of age. First, the effect of spacing on models used to predict crown width and crown ratio from diameter at breast height (DBH) and height was examined. Models for trees of different ages that included all the spacings were found to predict crown growth measures as well as separate models derived for each spacing. Second, the following crown relative growth measures were studied: crown width/crown length (crown shape ratio), crown surface/crown volume, and foliage biomass/crown volume. The way such measures changed over time under different initial spacings was studied; these findings were compared with changes in relative growth rate (RGR), which can be used to evaluate the effect of competitive stress. Crown shape ratio decreased with an increase in DBH in the absence of severe competition, and increased with DBH under severe competitive stress. The other two crown relative growth measures were always negatively correlated with DBH; this shows that large trees use their aerial growing space less efficiently than small trees at all stages of stand development. Only crown shape ratio changed in the same way as RGR.

Crown development in red pine stands. II. Relationships with stem growth

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy R. Larocque ◽  
Peter L. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Pine Stands

The development of red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) stands originating under different initial spacings was examined using three measures of growth efficiency that are similar in concept to relative growth rate: diameter at breast height (DBH) increment/crown width, DBH increment/crown projection, and DBH increment/foliage biomass. These three measures of efficiency decreased with increasing DBH in the absence of severe competition and increased with increasing DBH under severe competitive stress. This indicates that small trees occupied their aerial growing space better and utilized their foliage to produce stemwood more efficiently than large trees in the absence of competition, and that the effect of competition was to reverse this trend. Absolute and relative growth rates for DBH and the three measures of growth efficiency were related very significantly to absolute (e.g., crown width) and relative (e.g., crown width/crown length) measures of crown development.

Tree biomass equations for Abiesbalsamea and Piceaglauca in northwestern New Brunswick

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Ker ◽  
G. D. Van Raalte
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Total Tree

Equations are given, based on data from 298 balsam fir and 88 white spruce trees in northwestern New Brunswick, for predicting ovendry weight of biomass for balsam fir and white spruce trees. Separate equations are given for each of nine components: stem wood, stem bark, total stem, branches, foliage, total crown, total aboveground weight, roots, and total tree. Independent variables used in the equations include diameter at breast height (dbh), height, crown width, crown length, and indices of basal area, crown area, and crown volume.

Functional growth analysis of red pine trees under variable intensities of competition

1998 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 728-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy R. Larocque
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Absolute Growth Rate ◽  
Absolute Growth

A functional approach is proposed for comparing the development of individual red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) trees which had been growing under different intensities of competition from ages 13 to 43. Growth rate measures, based on absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and the ratio of absolute growth rate to crown width, were obtained from the differentiation of a cumulative growth function. Individual tree data were obtained from stands of the same age, but with different initial spacings: 1.5 × 1.5 m, 2.4 × 2.4 m, and 4.3 × 4.3 m. The Chapman-Richards function represented adequately the growth trends of individual trees. While cumulative growth indicated a fairly consistent pattern, that is, the bigger the tree initially, the bigger it remained, absolute growth rate was not related to tree size. Some of the smallest trees had the greatest absolute growth rate. Relative growth rate was more informative on the effect of competition. Before competition became severe, small trees had greater relative growth rates than large trees, and the effect of competition was to reverse this trend. The ratio of absolute growth rate to crown width indicated that the ability of trees to occupy the aerial growing space was not related to tree size. Key words: red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), growth functions, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, functional approach

scholarly journals A TREE VOLUME TABLE FOR RED PINE BY CROWN WIDTH AND HEIGHT

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Bonnor
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Volume Table ◽  
Crown Width

A multiple regression analysis of parameters which can be measured or interpreted on aerial photographs showed that crown width and tree height exhibit a good correlation with diameter at breast height. A tree volume table based on the above relationship was constructed and tested with good results.

scholarly journals Modeling the Effect of Density on the Growth of Loblolly Pine Trees

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahadev Sharma ◽  
Harold E. Burkhart ◽  
Ralph L. Amateis
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Response Variables

Abstract Data from a set of loblolly pine spacing trials that have reached 16 yr since establishment were used to evaluate the effect of spacing on loblolly pine tree growth and stand development. Mean responses for six variables were evaluated: height, dbh, crown ratio, crown length, crown width, and survival. All response variables were affected by density, with dbh being the most affected and height the least affected over the 16 yr period. The rectangularity, or shape, of the growing space was not a significant factor in the development of any of these response variables. Models were constructed to characterize the development of the six response variables extrapolated over typical plantation rotation lengths of loblolly pine. South. J. Appl. For. 26(3):124–133.

scholarly journals Allocation of Wood Density in European Oak (Quercus robur L.) Trees Grown under a Canopy of Scots Pine

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 712
Author(s):  
Marcin Jakubowski ◽  
Marek Dobroczyński
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Major Purpose ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Biometric Features ◽  
Different Parts

The allocation of wood density in trees depends on many factors, but mainly on the tree species. A great number of studies have analysed wood density in dominant or codominant trees, but only a few have focused on trees grown under canopy. We examined the basic wood density and fresh wood density of natural origin oaks growing under canopy of artificially planted Scots pine. The major purpose of the work was to study the wood density allocation in different parts of the trees such as the trunk and branches. From a total of 80 oaks we selected eight model trees and measured biometric features of their trunks and crowns. Wood samples from different parts of the trunk and crown were collected after the trees were felled. We observed significant differences between the average basic wood density (595 kg·m−3) and the average fresh wood density (1031 kg·m−3). The central part of the trunk and heartwood shows much higher density than the outer part of the trunk and sapwood, which corresponds to the model of ring-porous trees. Both types of wood density (basic and fresh) were also higher in the trunk than in the branches. The wood density of the branches differed between two zones: A1, which was closer to the trunk and had higher density; and A2, which was farther away from the trunk with lower density. Wood density shows positive correlation with crown length but not with crown width, which was more connected with diameter at breast height. We found lower value of slenderness than the value reported by other authors in oaks planted without canopy. The allocation of wood density in trees is associated with the potential mechanical load.

scholarly journals The Effect of Crown Dimensions on Stem Profile for Dahurian Larch, Korean Spruce, and Manchurian Fir in Northeast China

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 398
Author(s):  
Amna Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Khurram Shahzad ◽  
Lichun Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Northeast China ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Nonlinear Least Squares ◽  
Dahurian Larch ◽  
Fit Statistics ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Crown Dimensions

Crown architecture has long been evaluated for its impact on taper modeling. However, most of the research has focused on a limited number of crown dimensions. This study examined the effect of adding several crown dimensions in improving the diameter and volume estimates of Dahurian larch, Korean spruce, and Manchurian fir in northeast China. The crown dimensions included crown length, crown ratio, crown width, height to live crown base, diameter at the crown base, and crown shape. A well-known taper model of Clark et al. (1991) was fitted to the data of 276 trees from natural stands. To adjust the inherent autocorrelation in the data, we added a third-order continuous-time error structure in the model fit. Model fitting was carried out with the NLMIXED procedure (Non-linear Mixed Procedure), followed by the MODEL procedure of SAS using the generalized nonlinear least-squares method. Fit statistics and graphical assessments were used to evaluate the original and modified models. Above 98% of the total variance of d was explained by the models for all species. The addition of crown variables showed slight improvements for root mean square error (RMSE) values in the analyzed species. The RMSE plots indicated that the models with crown variables slightly improved the diameter and volume predictions for the species but only for the upper stem (>50%–90%). The study demonstrated that crown dimensions influence the stem taper, but the original model of Clark et al. (1991) reasonably realized that effect.

scholarly journals A red pine provenance test in northwestern Ontario: 48-year results

2010 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali A Rahi ◽  
Colin Bowling ◽  
Dale Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Provenance Trial ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Provenance Test

Survival, total height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured in the fall of 2005 in a 48-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) provenance trial growing in northwestern Ontario. There was significant variation in both height and diameter among the 23 provenances. Generally, westerly provenances performed well while those from the Maritime Provinces exhibited relatively poor growth. Considering that the plantation is at the northern biological range of red pine, survival was high, averaging 96% after 48 years. Provenances with the best growth rates exceeded a volume of 420 m3 ha-1. Some provenances from Minnesota and Wisconsin as well as Fort Frances, Ontario exhibited superior growth and should be considered as seed sources for future planting programs in northwestern Ontario. Key words: red pine, provenance test, survival, diameter, height, volume, Northwestern Ontario

TRIPLOID APPLE VARIETIES OF SUMMER RIPENING SELECTION VNIISPK ON CLONAL ROOTSTOCK 54-118

1970 ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
А. M. Galasheva ◽  
Е. N. Sedov
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
The World ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Crown Projection Area ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
First Time

For the first time in the world and in Russia, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, breeder Evgeny Nikolaevich Sedov created a series of triploid apple cultivars from intervalent crosses 2х × 4х. Triploid apple cultivars bear fruit more regularly, have higher self-fruitfulness and have fruits of high marketability. The article presents data on the study of triploid apple cultivars of the summer ripening period of the VNIISPK breeding - Augusta, Daryona, Maslovskoye, Osipovskoye, Zhilinskoye, Spasskoye and Yablochny Spas as well as the control Canadian cultivar Melba on a semi-dwarf clone rootstock 54-118. Maslovskoye, Zhilinskoye, Spasskoye and Yablochny Spas have immunity to scab. The orchard was planted in 2014, the garden planting scheme was 5 x 2 m. The indicators of the growth force (tree height, crown width and stem diameter) and the yield of trees were studied. At the age of six, the trees of triploid cultivars reached a height of 2.2 m (Maslovskoye) to 3.0 m (Yablochny Spas) on a semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118. The highest indicators of crown volume (3.3-5.3 m3), crown projection area (4.2-5.3 m2) and the cross-sectional area of the stem (46.5-52.8 cm2) were in Osipovskoye, Yablochny Spas, Zhilinskoye and Spasskoye. The highest yield in an average of three years was given by triploid scab-immune apple cultivars on a semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118: Maslovskoye, Zhilinskoye, Spasskoye and Yablochny Spas.

scholarly journals Slenderness of trees in black locust stands

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
Szymon Bijak ◽  
Katarzyna Orzoł
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Research Material

Abstract This paper investigates the slenderness of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) trees in relation to the biosocial status of the trees, stand age class, crown parameters and habitat type. The research material was collected on 35 research plots in the Sława Śląska, Sulechów and Głogów forest districts in western Poland and comprises 1058 trees. For each tree, we measured height (h) as well as diameter at breast height (d) and determined its biosocial status (Kraft class), crown length (CL) and relative crown length (rCL). The age class and habitat type were assessed at the plot level. Because the obtained values for slenderness (s=h/d) diverged significantly from the normal distribution, we used Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests to investigate the influence of the above-mentioned parameters on the h/d ratio. Black locust slenderness ranged from 0.31 to 1.95 with an average of 0.91 (standard deviation 0.24). It furthermore differed significantly between Kraft classes (the higher the biosocial status, the lower the slenderness) and age classes (the older the trees, the lower their slenderness). We also found a significant effect of the habitat type (in oligotrophic sites trees formed more slender trunks than in mesotrophic sites) and crown parameters on the h/d ratio (decreasing with increasing crown length and relative crown length). The obtained results suggest that the slenderness of black locust does not differ substantially from native broadleaved trees in Poland.

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