scholarly journals Allocation of Wood Density in European Oak (Quercus robur L.) Trees Grown under a Canopy of Scots Pine

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 712
Author(s):  
Marcin Jakubowski ◽  
Marek Dobroczyński
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Major Purpose ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Biometric Features ◽  
Different Parts

The allocation of wood density in trees depends on many factors, but mainly on the tree species. A great number of studies have analysed wood density in dominant or codominant trees, but only a few have focused on trees grown under canopy. We examined the basic wood density and fresh wood density of natural origin oaks growing under canopy of artificially planted Scots pine. The major purpose of the work was to study the wood density allocation in different parts of the trees such as the trunk and branches. From a total of 80 oaks we selected eight model trees and measured biometric features of their trunks and crowns. Wood samples from different parts of the trunk and crown were collected after the trees were felled. We observed significant differences between the average basic wood density (595 kg·m−3) and the average fresh wood density (1031 kg·m−3). The central part of the trunk and heartwood shows much higher density than the outer part of the trunk and sapwood, which corresponds to the model of ring-porous trees. Both types of wood density (basic and fresh) were also higher in the trunk than in the branches. The wood density of the branches differed between two zones: A1, which was closer to the trunk and had higher density; and A2, which was farther away from the trunk with lower density. Wood density shows positive correlation with crown length but not with crown width, which was more connected with diameter at breast height. We found lower value of slenderness than the value reported by other authors in oaks planted without canopy. The allocation of wood density in trees is associated with the potential mechanical load.

Genetic parameters in diallel-crossed Scots pine favor heartwood formation breeding objectives

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 937-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Fries ◽  
Tore Ericsson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Heritability Estimate ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Heartwood Formation ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Branch Diameter ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Crown Length

After 25 years, full-sibs of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in a north Swedish progeny test showed an estimated heritability of 0.30 for heartwood diameter at 80 cm above ground. This was equal to the heritability estimate for tree height, although accompanied by a much larger additive genetic coefficient of variation (0.20 compared with 0.06). The heritability estimate for diameter at breast height was about half that for tree height. Strong and positive phenotypic and environmental correlations were assessed between heartwood and the following traits: diameter at breast height, tree height, and branch diameter. The genetic correlation was low and positive at 0.02 between heartwood and diameter at breast height in contrast with 0.27 between heartwood and tree height. The assessed genetic correlations between heartwood and branch diameter and between heartwood and crown length were very weak compared with the phenotypic and, particularly, environmental correlations. This indicates that the association between crown length and heartwood is significant with regard to environmental factors, no matter to what extent they are independently modified by genes. However, crown limit was the trait that showed the strongest genetic correlation with heartwood (0.49). Since no correlations with production traits were unfavorable, we conclude that including heartwood formation capacity in a breeding programmay be done without drawbacks and with good prospects for success.

Crown development in red pine stands. II. Relationships with stem growth

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy R. Larocque ◽  
Peter L. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Pine Stands

The development of red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) stands originating under different initial spacings was examined using three measures of growth efficiency that are similar in concept to relative growth rate: diameter at breast height (DBH) increment/crown width, DBH increment/crown projection, and DBH increment/foliage biomass. These three measures of efficiency decreased with increasing DBH in the absence of severe competition and increased with increasing DBH under severe competitive stress. This indicates that small trees occupied their aerial growing space better and utilized their foliage to produce stemwood more efficiently than large trees in the absence of competition, and that the effect of competition was to reverse this trend. Absolute and relative growth rates for DBH and the three measures of growth efficiency were related very significantly to absolute (e.g., crown width) and relative (e.g., crown width/crown length) measures of crown development.

scholarly journals Density and wood biomass development in whole-tree analyses of Scots pine, and aspects on heritability estimates

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 224-232
Author(s):  
A. Fries ◽  
T. Mörling
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Stem Section ◽  
Ring Number ◽  
Latewood Density ◽  
Whole Tree

Abstract Twelve trees in a 36 year old full-sib progeny plantation, testing a part of the Scots pine breeding population, were analysed for wood density and the width of the earlywood and latewood sections in each annual ring. Wood samples (stem discs) were taken with 1 m intervals along the stem and the analyses covered thus the whole stem. Based on these data, the biomass of the earlywood and latewood of each annual ring in each 1 meter stem section was estimated. Latewood density increased from pith to bark while it decreased from stem base to top. Earlywood density was of similar size both radially and vertically. The biomass in each annual ring increased until around ring number 10 from pith for both wood types. For earlywood it then decreased while it remained quite constant for latewood. Latewood biomass decreased more rapidly towards the top of the tree than earlywood biomass. Heritabilities for earlywood and latewood in each annual ring at breast height (estimated in the same material in a previous study) were related to the corresponding biomasses to indirectly estimate overall heritability for wood density valid for the whole stem. The analyses indicate that the decrease in heritability for latewood density and increase for earlywood density, from the pith to bark, is compensated by the increase in latewood biomass in relation to earlywood biomass. Thus, the heritability of the latewood density and earlywood density seems to have the same influence on the overall heritability for density in the whole stem.

Crown development in red pine stands. I. Absolute and relative growth measures

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 762-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy R. Larocque ◽  
Peter L. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Red Pine ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Shape Ratio

The crown development of red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) plantations originating from different initial spacings was studied between 13 and 33 years of age. First, the effect of spacing on models used to predict crown width and crown ratio from diameter at breast height (DBH) and height was examined. Models for trees of different ages that included all the spacings were found to predict crown growth measures as well as separate models derived for each spacing. Second, the following crown relative growth measures were studied: crown width/crown length (crown shape ratio), crown surface/crown volume, and foliage biomass/crown volume. The way such measures changed over time under different initial spacings was studied; these findings were compared with changes in relative growth rate (RGR), which can be used to evaluate the effect of competitive stress. Crown shape ratio decreased with an increase in DBH in the absence of severe competition, and increased with DBH under severe competitive stress. The other two crown relative growth measures were always negatively correlated with DBH; this shows that large trees use their aerial growing space less efficiently than small trees at all stages of stand development. Only crown shape ratio changed in the same way as RGR.

Modelling crown width–diameter relationship for Scots pine in the central Europe

Trees ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1875-1889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram P. Sharma ◽  
Lukáš Bílek ◽  
Zdeněk Vacek ◽  
Stanislav Vacek
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Crown Width

scholarly journals Slenderness of trees in black locust stands

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
Szymon Bijak ◽  
Katarzyna Orzoł
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Research Material

Abstract This paper investigates the slenderness of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) trees in relation to the biosocial status of the trees, stand age class, crown parameters and habitat type. The research material was collected on 35 research plots in the Sława Śląska, Sulechów and Głogów forest districts in western Poland and comprises 1058 trees. For each tree, we measured height (h) as well as diameter at breast height (d) and determined its biosocial status (Kraft class), crown length (CL) and relative crown length (rCL). The age class and habitat type were assessed at the plot level. Because the obtained values for slenderness (s=h/d) diverged significantly from the normal distribution, we used Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests to investigate the influence of the above-mentioned parameters on the h/d ratio. Black locust slenderness ranged from 0.31 to 1.95 with an average of 0.91 (standard deviation 0.24). It furthermore differed significantly between Kraft classes (the higher the biosocial status, the lower the slenderness) and age classes (the older the trees, the lower their slenderness). We also found a significant effect of the habitat type (in oligotrophic sites trees formed more slender trunks than in mesotrophic sites) and crown parameters on the h/d ratio (decreasing with increasing crown length and relative crown length). The obtained results suggest that the slenderness of black locust does not differ substantially from native broadleaved trees in Poland.

scholarly journals Contribution of some Acacia Species on Carbon Sequestration in Blue Nile State, Sudan

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-105
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Expansion Factor ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Acacia Seyal

Background: The current challenge is to reduce the uncertainties in obtaining accurate and reliable data of carbon stock changes and emission factors essential for reporting national inventories. Improvements in above ground biomass estimation can also help account for changes in carbon stock in forest areas that may potentially participate in the Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and other initiatives. Current objectives for such estimates need a unified approach which can be measurable, reportable, and verifiable. This might result to a geographically referenced biomass density database for Sudanese forests that would reduce uncertainties in estimating forest aboveground biomass. The main objective: of this study is to assess potential of some selected forest variables for modeling carbon sequestration for Acacia seyal, vr. Seyal, Acacia seyal, vr. fistula, Acacia Senegal. The specific objectives include development of empirical allometric models for forest biomass estimation, estimation of carbon sequestration for these tree species, estimation of carbon sequestration per hectare and comparing the amount with that reported to the region. A total of 10 sample trees for biomass and carbon determination were selected for each of the three species from El Nour Natural Forest Reserve of the Blue Nile State, Sudan. Data of diameter at breast height, total tree height, tree crown diameter, crown height, and upper stem diameters were measured. Then sample trees were felled and sectioned to their components, and weighed. Subsamples were selected from each component for oven drying at 105 ˚C. Finally allometric models were developed and the aboveground dry weight (dwt) and carbon sequestered per hector were calculated. The results: presents biomass equations, biomass expansion factor and wood density that developed for the trees. In case of inventoried wood volume, corrections for biomass expansion factor and wood density value were done, and new values are suggested for use to convert wood volume to biomass estimates. The results also, indicate that diameter at breast height, crown diameter and tree height are good predictors for estimation of tree dwt and carbon stock. Conclusion: The developed allometric equations in this study gave better estimation of dwt than default value. The average carbon stock was found to be 22.57 t/ha.

scholarly journals Changes in the biomass of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees in Europe since 1940

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-22
Author(s):  
А.В. Лебедев ◽  
В.В. Кузьмичев
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
The Face ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Linear Mixed Effect Models

Сосна обыкновенная является одной из основных лесообразующих пород Европы, а ее древесина находит широкое применение в лесопромышленном комплексе. При оценке углерододепонирующих функций считается, что конверсионные коэффициенты являются константными по времени. Последние исследования показывают, что происходящие климатические изменения оказывают существенное влияние на прирост древесины и ее свойства. Цель данного исследования – выявление долговременных тенденций в изменении биомассы фракций деревьев сосны обыкновенной в Европе, происходящих с 1940 г. Для проверки гипотезы о влиянии календарного года на биомассу фракций деревьев проводился регрессионный анализ с применением линейных моделей смешанных эффектов. Проведенный статистический анализ позволил выявить достоверное влияние (при p < 0,05) календарного года только на биомассу стволов в коре. Наиболее сильно изменения проявляются для деревьев в молодняках и средневозрастных насаждениях, где происходит формирование наибольшего радиального прироста. Для крупномерных стволов, согласно результатам моделирования, снижение биомассы стволов в коре не прослеживается. В ближайшие десятилетия в результате продолжающихся климатических изменений процесс снижения биомассы и плотности древесины крупномерных стволов должен усилиться. Выявленные изменения биомассы сопровождаются снижением плотности древесины, что происходит в результате увеличения в структуре годичного прироста более рыхлой и менее плотной ранней древесины. Таким образом, в условиях ускоряющихся темпов роста древесных растений объемы стволов и запасы древесины не должны напрямую пересчитываться в депонированный углерод с учетом исторических значений конверсионных коэффициентов. Это также следует учитывать при мониторинге, моделировании и использовании углерода и биомассы в лесах в условиях глобальных изменений. Scots pine is one of the main forest-forming species in Europe, and its wood is widely used in the timber industry. When evaluating carbon-depositing functions, the conversion rations are assumed to be constant over time. Recent studies show that the ongoing climatic changes have a significant impact on the growth of trees and wood properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify long-term trends in the change in the biomass of Scots pine tree fractions in Europe since 1940. To test the hypothesis about the influence of the calendar year on the biomass of tree fractions, regression analysis was performed using linear mixed-effect models. The performed statistically analysis made it possible to reveal a significant effect (p < 0.05) of the calendar year only on the biomass of the trunks in the bark. The changes are most pronounced for trees in young and middle-aged stands, where the formation of the greatest radial growth occurs. For large-sized trunks, according to the simulation results, the biomass of the stems in the bark is not traced. In the coming decades, as a result of ongoing climate change, the decline in biomass and wood density of largesized stems should intensify. The revealed changes in biomass are accompanied by a decrease in wood density, which occurs as a result of an increase in the structure of the annual growth of looser and less dense early wood. Thus, in the context of accelerating growth rates of woody plants, the volume of trunks and wood stock should not be directly converted into deposited carbon, considering the historical values of conversion rations. This should also be considered when monitoring, modeling and using carbon and biomass in forests in the face of global change.

scholarly journals Interactions of the Effects of Provenances and Habitats on the Growth of Scots Pine in Two Provenance Tests in Bosnia and Herzegovina

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirzeta Memišević Hodžić ◽  
Dalibor Ballian
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Provenance Test ◽  
The Given

This research aims to determine the interaction of the effects of provenance and habitat conditions on provenance tests on the growth of Scots pine on two experimental plots in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Provenance tests are located on plots with different ecological conditions and altitudes: Romanija Glasinac, 1000 m, and Gostović Zavidovići, 480 m. Both tests include 11 provenances and two clonal seed plantations with 10 families in each, and five repetitions. Tree heights and diameters at breast height were measured at the age of 21 years. Interactions were determined using multivariate analysis for measured traits. The highest average heights on the provenance test Glasinac had provenances Bugojno, Romanija Glasinac, and Šipovo (8.8 m), and on the Gostović provenance Rogatica (11.0 m). The highest average diameter at breast height on the Glasinac test had Šipovo provenance (13.9 cm) and on the Gostović test Bosanski Petrovac provenance (12.3 cm). Variance analysis showed statistically significant differences among provenances in terms of diameter at breast height and height values. Multivariate analysis showed the presence of interactions of effects of provenances and habitat conditions on provenance tests. For provenances that did not show interaction, it is recommended to use provenances that performed better in the given ecological conditions, and for those that showed interaction, it is necessary to choose those provenances which are expected to show better results in given conditions later in life. The obtained results are very important for the conservation activities of this species.

scholarly journals Tree crown size as a measure of tree biosocial position in 135-year-old oak (Quercus L.) stand

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kaźmierczak ◽  
Bogna Zawieja
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Pca Method ◽  
Crown Projection Area

AbstractThe paper presents an attempt to apply measurable traits of a tree – crown projection area, crown length, diameter at breast height and tree height for classification of 135-year-old oak (QuercusL.) trees into Kraft classes. Statistical multivariate analysis was applied to reach the aim. Empirical material was collected on sample plot area of 0.75 ha, located in 135-year-old oak stand. Analysis of dimensional traits of oaks from 135-year-old stand allows quite certain classification of trees into three groups: pre-dominant, dominant and co-dominant and dominated ones. This seems to be quite promising, providing a tool for the approximation of the biosocial position of tree with no need for assessment in forest. Applied analyses do not allow distinguishing trees belonging to II and III Kraft classes. Unless the eye-estimation-based classification is completed, principal component analysis (PCA) method provided simple, provisional solution for grouping trees from 135-year-old stand into three over-mentioned groups. Discriminant analysis gives more precise results compared with PCA. In the analysed stand, the most important traits for the evaluation of biosocial position were diameter at breast height, crown projection area and height.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document