Red pine cones: distribution within trees and methods for sampling

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
William John Mattson Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Stand Density ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Cones

Numbers of Pinusresinosa cones (1-month-old pistillate strobili) per branch increased with branch length and exposure. South branches invariably had significantly more cones than other branches. Cones per branch decreased from top to bottom of the crown and with increasing stand density. Highest cone yields will probably occur at densities of 80 to 100 stems/acre (181 to 277 stems/ha). Cone abundance per acre (1 acre = 0.404 685 6 ha) can be efficiently estimated [Formula: see text] by sampling three branches from both upper and middle crown thirds of only 12 trees per stand.

THE SEED PRODUCTION CAPACITY AND EFFICIENCY OF RED PINE CONES (PINUS RESINOSA AIT.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
First Year ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Pine Cones

The seed capacity of red pine cones varies from about 30 to over 110, depending on the size of the cone and its position in the tree crown, and is determined by the number of ovules that are structurally complete at the time of pollination. These ovules occur in a central "productive" region and constitute less than one-half of the total. The remaining ovules, most: of which are in the proximal part of the cone, never become structurally perfect, and do not contribute to seed production. Abortion of ovules in the productive region usually reduces seed production efficiency to 50–60%, and is accompanied mainly by withering of the nucellus in the first year and failure to produce archegonia early in the second year. The extent of ovule abortion during the first year varies indirectly with cone size, seed capacity, and height in tree.

scholarly journals Effects of Initial Stand Density and Climate on Red Pine Productivity within Huron National Forest, Michigan, USA

Forests ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1086-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Magruder ◽  
Sophan Chhin ◽  
Andrew Monks ◽  
Joseph O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Stand Density ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
National Forest

GENETIC DIVERGENCE AMONG EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN CONE BEETLES, CONOPHTHORUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter de Groot ◽  
George T. Harvey ◽  
Pat M. Roden
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Fixation Index ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Electrophoretic Data ◽  
Pine Cones

AbstractGenetic divergence among populations of cone beetles, Conophthorus banksianae McPherson, C. coniperda (Schwarz), and C. resinosae Hopkins, was assessed by isozyme electrophoretic data. All but one of the eight loci examined were polymorphic, and one locus (Pgi) was sex-linked for C. coniperda. Genotype frequencies generally met Hardy-Weinberg expectations, and fixation index (FST) values indicated low-to-moderate genetic differences among conspecific populations. Fixed allele differences were detected at two loci, Pgi and Dia-2, which separated C. resinosae from C. coniperda, and thus confirmed their specific status established previously by morphological, karyological, and other biochemical characters. Electrophoretic data strongly suggested C. coniperda does not attack red pine cones, and C. resinosae does not attack white pine cones. No diagnostic loci were found to separate C. resinosae from C. banksianae. Phenetic clustering and pairwise comparisons of genetic distance coefficients indicated very little genetic divergence between C. resinosae and C. banksianae. These data were interpreted as failing to reject the null hypothesis that C. resinosae and C. banksianae are one species, an interpretation consistent with available taxonomic evidence from ecological, karyological, and other biochemical characters.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONE CROP SIZE AND CONE DAMAGE BY INSECTS IN RED PINE SEED-PRODUCTION AREAS

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Mattson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Crop Size ◽  
Pine Cone ◽  
Pine Cones ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Cone Damage

AbstractAnnual cone abundance and insect damage to cones are highly variable in red pine seed-production areas. Cone crop size fluctuates almost unpredictably from year to year, but the number of insect-attacked cones tends to increase annually unless limited by cone abundance. Sixty-six per cent of the variation in cone damage can be associated with variations in cone abundance. This information, coupled with the fact that red pine cone insects are almost entirely dependent on red pine cones for food, implies that crop size is highly important in regulating populations of cone insects. Insects will be most devastating in areas where crop size varies little from year to year.

AMERICAN SPECIES OF DIORYCTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) VI. A NEW SPECIES OF DIORYCTRIA FROM EASTERN CANADA AND NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

1982 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 1069-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Mutuura
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Species ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Pine Cones ◽  
A New Species

AbstractDioryctria resinosella, a species feeding on red pine cones or shoots, is described as new and recorded from Maine, southern Ontario, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The new species is distinguished from D. zimmermani (Grote) and D. banksiella Mutuura & Munroe by the differences in wing markings, genitalia characters, and ecological aspects.

A model of stand allometry and biomass allocation during the self-thinning process

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 990-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
Thinning Process ◽  
The Relationship

A growth model is developed to describe the relationship between any measure of size and number of stems in even-aged, monospecific plant populations during self-thinning. The model is tested on red alder (Alnusrubra Bong.) seedlings and red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) stands grown over a range of site qualities and initial spacings. Allometric relationships between plant dimensions are shown to change over time, finally approaching a stable value defined by a generalized self-thinning rule. Because of unique intraspecific plant geometry, allometric relationships appear to be more consistent within than between species. The priorisation for red alder biomass allocation with stand development was as follows (P < 0.05): branches > stem ≥ leaves ≥ root ≥ 2 nodules. For red pine the slope and intercept of the maximum size–density line were greater (P < 0.05) for merchantable versus total stem volume. A new approach for constructing stand density programs is presented.

Étude du Matériel sur Pied Relatif et Ses Implications sur L'Aménagement des Plantations

1979 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
S. Popovich
Keyword(s):  
Initial Density ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Plantation Management ◽  
Silvicultural Practices ◽  
Crucial Problem

Problems of plantation management and silvicultural practices in over- and under-stocked white spruce and red pine plantations are presented in the light of observations made while preparing normal yield tables. This study points out the crucial problem of initial density of man-made forests. For successful growth of light-demanding species such as pine, a minimum of 4 000-5 000 seedlings per hectare at planting are required. The use for stand density optimization is discussed.

scholarly journals Quantification of Conidia of Diplodia spp. Extracted from Red and Jack Pine Cones

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel A. Munck ◽  
Glen R. Stanosz
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Diplodia Pinea ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Pine Cones ◽  
Canker Pathogens

Frequency of detection and inoculum production by the conifer shoot blight and canker pathogens Diplodia pinea and D. scrobiculata on cones of red pine (Pinus resinosa) and jack pine (P. banksiana) were studied. Cones were collected from the ground and from canopies of red and jack pine trees in mixed stands at three sites in each of two different locations during two consecutive summers in Wisconsin. Conidia were extracted in water, quantified, germination tested, and the Diplodia species present was determined using molecular methods. At least one pathogen was detected from each tree at each site in both years. Overall, more conidia were extracted from cones from canopies than cones from the ground and from red pine cones than jack pine cones. Both total numbers of conidia extracted and proportions of cones yielding D. pinea or D. scrobiculata varied by location and pine species. Cones from either the ground or canopies can be used for surveys to detect Diplodia spp. at a given site but cones from canopies may be more useful to determine the relative abundance of potentially available inoculum of these pathogens.

Effects of early cone collection and artificial ripening on white spruce and red pine germination

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Winston ◽  
B. D. Haddon
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Seed Stratification ◽  
Pine Cones ◽  
Good Germination

Two experiments were conducted at the Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Chalk River, Ontario, in 1978 to test the feasibility of early cone collection and to determine the optimum conditions for the artificial ripening of white spruce and red pine cones. Cones were collected at periodic intervals, commencing 7 weeks before natural cone ripeness, and stored under four storage conditions and three storage periods. White spruce cones collected August 1, 4 weeks before natural seed dispersal, and stored on open, screened trays for 12 weeks at 5 °C and 75–95% relative humidity yielded seeds of high germinability. Seeds extracted from cones immediately after this collection failed to germinate. Cold storage of white spruce cones at 5 °C for as little as 4 weeks eliminated dormancy and the subsequent need for seed stratification after extraction. Good germination of red pine seeds was obtained from cones collected August 16, 7 weeks before natural seed dispersal, and stored on screened trays in a well-ventilated, unheated building, for 4 weeks.Completion of embryo growth must be attained before artificial ripening can be successfully applied; it may be used as an index for commencement of cone collections provided subsequent cone handling includes artificial ripening.

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