scholarly journals Effects of Initial Stand Density and Climate on Red Pine Productivity within Huron National Forest, Michigan, USA

Forests ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1086-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Magruder ◽  
Sophan Chhin ◽  
Andrew Monks ◽  
Joseph O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Stand Density ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
National Forest

scholarly journals A Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Height-to-Diameter Ratio Model for Several Tree Species Based on Czech National Forest Inventory Data

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Sharma ◽  
Zdeněk Vacek ◽  
Stanislav Vacek ◽  
Miloš Kučera
Keyword(s):  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Inventory Data ◽  
Canopy Layer

Height-to-diameter at breast height (DBH) ratio (HDR) is an important tree and stand stability measure. Several factors such as stand dynamics, natural and anthropogenic disturbances, and silvicultural tending significantly affect HDR, and, therefore, in-depth investigation of HDR is essential for better understanding of ecological processes in a forest. A nonlinear mixed-effects HDR model applicable to several tree species was developed using the Czech national forest inventory data comprising 13,875 sample plots and 348,980 trees. The predictive performance of this model was evaluated using the independent dataset which was originated from 25,146 trees on 220 research sample plots. Among various tree- and stand-level variables describing tree size, site quality, stand development stage, stand density, inter-tree spacing, and competition evaluated, dominant height (HDOM), dominant diameter (DDOM), relative spacing index (RS), and DBH-to-quadratic mean DBH ratio (dq) were identified as the most important predictors of HDR variations. A random component describing sample plot-specific HDR variations was included through mixed-effects modelling, and dummy variables describing species-specific HDR variations and canopy layer-specific HDR variations were also included into the HDR model through dummy variable modelling. The mixed-effects HDR model explained 79% of HDR variations without any significant trends in the residuals. Simulation results showed that HDR for each canopy layer increased with increasing site quality and stand development stage (increased HDOM) and increasing competition (increased RS, decreased DDOM and dq). Testing the HDR model on the independent data revealed that more than 85% of HDR variations were described for each individual species (Norway spruce, Scots pine, European larch, and European beech) and group of species (fir species, oak species, birch and alder species) without significant trends in the prediction errors. The HDR can be predicted with a higher accuracy using the calibrated mixed-effects HDR model from measurements of its predictors that can be obtained from routine forest inventories. To improve the prediction accuracy, a model needs to be calibrated with the random effects estimated using one to four randomly selected trees of a particular species or group of species depending on the availability of their numbers per sample plot. The HDR model can be applied for stand stability assessment and stand density regulation. The HDR information is also useful for designing a stand density management diagram. Brief implications of the HDR model for designing silviculture strategies and forest management planning are presented in the article.

A model of stand allometry and biomass allocation during the self-thinning process

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 990-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
Thinning Process ◽  
The Relationship

A growth model is developed to describe the relationship between any measure of size and number of stems in even-aged, monospecific plant populations during self-thinning. The model is tested on red alder (Alnusrubra Bong.) seedlings and red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) stands grown over a range of site qualities and initial spacings. Allometric relationships between plant dimensions are shown to change over time, finally approaching a stable value defined by a generalized self-thinning rule. Because of unique intraspecific plant geometry, allometric relationships appear to be more consistent within than between species. The priorisation for red alder biomass allocation with stand development was as follows (P < 0.05): branches > stem ≥ leaves ≥ root ≥ 2 nodules. For red pine the slope and intercept of the maximum size–density line were greater (P < 0.05) for merchantable versus total stem volume. A new approach for constructing stand density programs is presented.

Étude du Matériel sur Pied Relatif et Ses Implications sur L'Aménagement des Plantations

1979 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
S. Popovich
Keyword(s):  
Initial Density ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Plantation Management ◽  
Silvicultural Practices ◽  
Crucial Problem

Problems of plantation management and silvicultural practices in over- and under-stocked white spruce and red pine plantations are presented in the light of observations made while preparing normal yield tables. This study points out the crucial problem of initial density of man-made forests. For successful growth of light-demanding species such as pine, a minimum of 4 000-5 000 seedlings per hectare at planting are required. The use for stand density optimization is discussed.

Bat activity is low in thinned and unthinned stands of red pine

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2436-2442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie E Tibbels ◽  
Allen Kurta
Keyword(s):  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Insect Abundance ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Manistee National Forest ◽  
Mean Time

We investigated the use of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations by bats in the Manistee National Forest of Michigan. Using ultrasonic detectors, we compared the activity of bats in the interior of stands of red pine and in openings within the stands, both before and after thinning (mean time after thinning = 7 years). Bat activity was more than 20 times greater in small openings within thinned and unthinned stands than within the stands themselves, and bat activity was associated with greater insect abundance in openings. Thinning lead to a significant change in structural complexity, as shown by a 39% decrease in basal area and a 45% decline in tree density, although these changes did not lead to an increase in use of red pine stands by bats. Red pine plantations, even after thinning, most likely are too structurally complex and have low insect abundance, making them a largely unsuitable habitat for bats.

scholarly journals The differential sensitivity of red pine and quaking aspen to competition

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1731-1737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus J. Puettmann ◽  
Peter B. Reich
Keyword(s):  
Resource Availability ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
Pine Needle ◽  
Competitive Environments ◽  
Optimal Resource ◽  
The Relationship

Growth of red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) and quaking aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) target trees with varying degrees of competition by neighboring aspen was measured in a 7-year-old clearcut in northeastern Minnesota. Competitive conditions were measured using indices of resource availability (percent open sky) and neighborhood stand density. Three-year diameter growth of target trees was reduced by more than 50% in both species because of competition from neighboring quaking aspen. The last 2 year's height growth was also reduced by approximately 30% for both species. The relationship between growth and percent open sky was convex for red pine and concave for quaking aspen, potentially indicating a greater sensitivity in aspen to any reduction below optimal resource availability. Competition reduced crown size in both species, but self-pruning occurred only in quaking aspen. Needle and leaf size were not affected by competition, but red pine needle density was lower in highly competitive environments. Red pine had a higher specific gravity when growing under competition, partially offsetting the reduction in wood volume.

scholarly journals Onset of canopy closure for black pine, Turkish red pine and Scots pine forests

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 224-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara Ferhat ◽  
Topaçoğlu Osman
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Black Pine ◽  
Scots Pine Forests ◽  
Turkish Red Pine

Canopy closure plays an important role in regeneration and management activities in forestry. Thus, determining the density at which canopy closure occurs is important for the success of silvicultural treatments. Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Tenore), black pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris Linnaeus) forests are usually managed at a density that is near or below the canopy closure. Residual stand density during the management of these species is commonly described by stand basal area – BA (m<sup>2</sup>·ha<sup>–1</sup>), however, the BA levels for the canopy closure have not been clearly indicated for these species. The minimum density for the onset of canopy closure (D<sub>OCC</sub>) was determined for Turkish red pine, black pine and Scots pine forests in this study. D<sub>OCC</sub> values were compared across the species. For the D<sub>OCC</sub>, the maximum tree area that a tree can occupy under open-grown conditions was used. The D<sub>OCC</sub> curves of black pine and Scots pine seem to be similar, but the canopy closure in Turkish red pine forests occurs with fewer trees per hectare for a given mean tree diameter. According to the D<sub>OCC</sub> curves, regeneration and tending activities will be more practical and effective in these forests.

Incorporating stand density effects in modeling the taper of red pine plantations

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 751-759
Author(s):  
Mahadev Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Stem Taper ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Taper Models

Taper models are used to estimate the diameter at any height along the bole of a tree. Individual tree volume can then be calculated based on these diameters and corresponding heights. As tree diameters are affected by stand density, inside- and outside-bark taper models that incorporate stand density information were developed for trees in red pine (Pinus resinosa Aiton) plantations. Data used in this study came from stem analysis on 150 red pine trees sampled from 30 even-aged, monospecific plantations across Ontario, Canada. A nonlinear mixed-effects approach was applied in fitting these taper models. Several forms of stand density were evaluated for both inside- and outside-bark diameters. A combination of stand densities expressed as [Formula: see text] (BA, basal area; TPH, trees per hectare) explained the most variation in stem taper of trees grown in red pine plantations in Ontario. This variable was highly significant in the regression and improved the predictive accuracies of both inside- and outside-bark taper models. The taper models presented here are dimensionally compatible. Therefore, these models are applicable for data using any system of units without adjusting parameter values.

Asymmetric, two-sided competition in even-aged monocultures of red pine

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 901-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Brand ◽  
Steen Magnussen
Keyword(s):  
Stand Density ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Relative Production ◽  
Competition Process ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Relative Production Rate

A framework for analysis of even-aged plant monocultures was developed and used to examine hypotheses on the process of competition, using data obtained from three independently established red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) stand-density experiments. Growth rate and relative production rate (a measure of tree vigour) were computed for the individual trees in stands of differing density at points in time when these stands had the same mean stem volume. Competition is shown to be both asymmetric (small trees lose vigour more rapidly than large trees as density increases) and two-sided (not only do larger trees affect smaller trees, but to some degree small trees also cause growth reduction in larger neighbours). Increasing density results in increased size inequality as smaller trees lose vigour and become suppressed. The asymmetric, two-sided competition process in red pine stands is considered ecologically inherent for a species adapted to existence in even-aged monocultures.

Red pine cones: distribution within trees and methods for sampling

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
William John Mattson Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Stand Density ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Cones

Numbers of Pinusresinosa cones (1-month-old pistillate strobili) per branch increased with branch length and exposure. South branches invariably had significantly more cones than other branches. Cones per branch decreased from top to bottom of the crown and with increasing stand density. Highest cone yields will probably occur at densities of 80 to 100 stems/acre (181 to 277 stems/ha). Cone abundance per acre (1 acre = 0.404 685 6 ha) can be efficiently estimated [Formula: see text] by sampling three branches from both upper and middle crown thirds of only 12 trees per stand.

scholarly journals Evaluating FIA Forest Inventory Data for Monitoring Mexican Spotted Owl Habitat: Gila National Forest Example

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-199
Author(s):  
David C. Chojnacky ◽  
James L. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Mixed Conifer ◽  
Usda Forest Service ◽  
Spotted Owl ◽  
Habitat Monitoring

Abstract The habitat of the Mexican spotted owl must be monitored because of the owl's “threatened” status under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. A possible data source for habitat monitoring is the network of permanent plots maintained by Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA), USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. This article demonstrates how FIA data might be used to calculate stand density measures for monitoring owl habitat. Test results for New Mexico's Gila National Forest showed 26% of the mixed conifer and 35% of the pine-oak as suitable owl habitat for a forest structure scenario. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals for these estimates were from ±20 to ±35% for the mixed-conifer habitat area; for pine-oak they were ±50 to ±73%. Although results are encouraging for using FIA data to monitor owl habitat, critical linkage needs to be established between the owl's home-range requirements and the stand-density metrics tested. West. J. Appl. For. 15(4):195-199.

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