THE SEED PRODUCTION CAPACITY AND EFFICIENCY OF RED PINE CONES (PINUS RESINOSA AIT.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
First Year ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Pine Cones

The seed capacity of red pine cones varies from about 30 to over 110, depending on the size of the cone and its position in the tree crown, and is determined by the number of ovules that are structurally complete at the time of pollination. These ovules occur in a central "productive" region and constitute less than one-half of the total. The remaining ovules, most: of which are in the proximal part of the cone, never become structurally perfect, and do not contribute to seed production. Abortion of ovules in the productive region usually reduces seed production efficiency to 50–60%, and is accompanied mainly by withering of the nucellus in the first year and failure to produce archegonia early in the second year. The extent of ovule abortion during the first year varies indirectly with cone size, seed capacity, and height in tree.

LIFE HISTORY, HABITS, AND DAMAGE OF CHRYSOBOTHRIS ORONO (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE) ON RED PINE IN MICHIGAN

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis F. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
First Year ◽  
Forest Pest ◽  
The Third ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Oviposition Sites

AbstractChrysobothris orono Frost, a buprestid which attacks living red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and jack pine (P. banksiana Lamb.), has a 2-year life cycle and two separate broods in Michigan. Adults emerge from May to July. The eggs are laid singly, usually on the southwest side of a tree; the fifth and sixth whorls from the top are the preferred oviposition sites. Larval eclosion usually occurs in early June. Each larva excavates a cell in the bark and causes the flowing pitch to coagulate into a large pitch mass. The first three instars feed in the bark and the last two instars feed in the xylem. Advanced larvae may reach the fourth instar by fall of the first year; overwintering occurs in the third and fourth instars. The fifth instar, which appears in the spring of the second year, bores a short L-shaped gallery in the xylem and plugs it with frass and wood chips to form a pupal cell. It pupates in the spring of the third year. Adults emerge by chewing through the plug and pitch mass. The bark cell and xylem gallery seldom injure the tree directly, but they remain as defects in the bole after the wounds have healed. Because damage is slight and the insect population low, C. orono is not likely to become an important forest pest.

Insects Affecting Seed Production in Red Pine: IV. Recognition and Extent of Damage to Cones

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 264-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Pine Cone ◽  
Poor Seed ◽  
Extent Of Damage ◽  
Cone Damage

The broad study of factors responsible for poor seed production by red pines (Pinus resinosae Ait.) in central and southern Ontario has been concerned with the seed production capacity and efficiency of sound cones (1) and the description, life history, behaviour, and natural control of cone-inhabiting insects (2, 3, 4). The present contribution, which concludes the four-part series on red pine cone insects, deals with the time and duration of cone attack by the various insect species and the variability in the intensity of cone damage from year to year and from one locality to another. As an aid to the field diagnosis of the cause of cone damage, keys based on the appearance of mature larvae and injured cones are included.

scholarly journals ANÁLISE ENERGÉTICA E ECONÔMICA DA IMPLANTAÇÃO DA CULTURA DA PITAYA EM MANEJO ORGÂNICO NO MUNICÍPIO DE TOMÉ-AÇU/PA

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-626
Author(s):  
Paula Renata Siqueira da Silva ◽  
Myrella Katlhen Da Cunha de Araujo ◽  
Carlos Renato Guedes Ramos ◽  
Rafaelly Suzanye Da Silva Santos ◽  
Magnun Antonio Penariol da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
First Year ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Organic Management ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct Energy ◽  
Productive Area ◽  
Biological Sources ◽  
Second Year

ANÁLISE ENERGÉTICA E ECONÔMICA DA IMPLANTAÇÃO DA CULTURA DA PITAYA EM MANEJO ORGÂNICO NO MUNICÍPIO DE TOMÉ-AÇU/PA   PAULA RENATA SIQUEIRA DA SILVA1, MYRELLA KATLHEN DA CUNHA DE ARAUJO2, CARLOS RENATO GUEDES RAMOS3, RAFAELLY SUZANYE DA SILVA SANTOS4 E MAGNUN ANTONIO PENARIOL DA SILVA5    1 Bacharel em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, PA 451, Km 03, Bairro Açaizal, 68680-000, Tomé-Açu, Pará, Brasil, [email protected] 2 Acadêmica do curso de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, PA 451, Km 03, Bairro Açaizal, 68680-000, Tomé-Açu, Pará, Brasil, [email protected] 3 Professor adjunto C da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, PA 451, Km 03, Bairro Açaizal, 68680-000, Tomé-Açu, Pará, Brasil, [email protected] 4 Professora adjunta C da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, PA 451, Km 03, Bairro Açaizal, 68680-000, Tomé-Açu, Pará, Brasil, [email protected] 5 Orientador. Professor adjunto C da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, PA 451, Km 03, Bairro Açaizal, 68680-000, Tomé-Açu, Pará, Brasil, [email protected]   RESUMO: A pitaya é uma espécie exótica de grande interesse aos produtores pela capacidade de produção durante o ano inteiro e o lucro. Logo, o objetivo foi realizar a análise energética e econômica da implantação da pitaya em manejo orgânico numa propriedade familiar em Tomé-Açu/PA. A pesquisa foi realizada em 2019, na Fazenda Colatina, Tomé-Açu/PA, a partir do conhecimento das máquinas e equipamentos utilizados, mudas, calagem e adubação e aspectos de instalação e condução do experimento, para calcular a produtividade estimada para dois anos e análise de custo de produção. No primeiro ano, a eficiência cultural foi de 0,61 MJ/kg-1 e a produtividade cultural de 0,29 MJ/kg-1. A produtividade estimada foi 16,2 toneladas/ hectare, custo total de implantação da cultura de R$ 53.797,56 e lucro estimado de R$ 27.202,44. No segundo ano, a eficiência cultural estimada foi 1,01 MJ/kg-1 e a produtividade cultural de 0,49 MJ/kg-1. A produtividade de 21,2 toneladas/ hectare, custo de manutenção da área produtiva de R$ 22.323,06 e lucro estimado de R$ 83.676,94. Nos dois anos, mais de 60 % dos gastos energéticos foram energia direta de fonte biológica. Com isso, o plantio é viável, visto que o lucro esperado, manejo e demanda despertam interesse dos produtores.   Palavras-chave: Fruticultura; Agricultura Familiar; Eficiência cultural.   ENERGY AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PITAYA CULTURE IN ORGANIC MANAGEMENT IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF TOMÉ-AÇU/PA   ABSTRACT: Pitaya is an exotic species of great interest to producers for its year-round production capacity and profit. Therefore, the objective was to conduct energy and economic analysis of the implantation of pitaya in organic management on a family property in Tomé-Açu/ PA. The research was performed in 2019, at Fazenda Colatina, Tomé-Açu/PA, based on the knowledge of the machines and equipment used, seedlings, liming and fertilization and installation and conducting aspects of the experiment, to calculate the estimated productivity for two years and production cost analysis. In the first year, cultural efficiency was 0.61 MJ/kg-1 and cultural productivity was 0.29 MJ/kg-1. The estimated productivity was 16.2 tons/hectare, total cost of implanting the crop of R $ 53,797.56 and estimated profit of R$ 27,202.44. In the second year, the estimated cultural efficiency was 1.01 MJ/kg-1 and the cultural productivity was 0.49 MJ/kg-1. The productivity of 21.2 tons/hectare, cost of maintaining the productive area of ​​R$ 22,323.06 and estimated profit of R$ 83,676.94. In the two years, more than 60% of energy expenditure was direct energy from biological sources. Thus, planting is viable, since the expected profit, management and demand arouse the interest of producers.   Keywords: Fruit culture; Family farming; Cultural efficiency.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONE CROP SIZE AND CONE DAMAGE BY INSECTS IN RED PINE SEED-PRODUCTION AREAS

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Mattson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Crop Size ◽  
Pine Cone ◽  
Pine Cones ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Cone Damage

AbstractAnnual cone abundance and insect damage to cones are highly variable in red pine seed-production areas. Cone crop size fluctuates almost unpredictably from year to year, but the number of insect-attacked cones tends to increase annually unless limited by cone abundance. Sixty-six per cent of the variation in cone damage can be associated with variations in cone abundance. This information, coupled with the fact that red pine cone insects are almost entirely dependent on red pine cones for food, implies that crop size is highly important in regulating populations of cone insects. Insects will be most devastating in areas where crop size varies little from year to year.

scholarly journals Consistency of Cone Production in Individual Red Pine

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Stiell
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Crop Size ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Production Area

A plantation of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) produced heavy cone crops in 1970 and 1984. Established at 6.5 × 6.5 m, the stand was 18-years old in 1970 and still open-grown; crowns were closed before 1984. Cone production at the two dates was compared for 28 trees. While total production was similar for 1970 and 1984, distribution within the sample differed. Although 18% of the trees maintained their rank in 1984, some large changes in production ranking took place from one crop to the next. Despite a tendency at both dates for crop size to increase with current dbh, exceptions were evident and the largest trees did not necessarily bear the most cones. Crop size in 1970 was the variable most closely associate with 1984 crop size and was significantly correlated with it independently 1984 dbh. High cone production did not seem to depress tree growth, based on a comparison of 1970-72 basal area increment of more versus less prolific cone bearers. Before a stand has borne its first good cone crop, expectations for highest yields would have to be based on tree size. For subsequent crops, previous production by individuals would be the best guide. The two top cone bearers far surpassed all others in both crop years and would be the first individuals selected for seed trees in a seed production area.

scholarly journals Quantification of Conidia of Diplodia spp. Extracted from Red and Jack Pine Cones

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel A. Munck ◽  
Glen R. Stanosz
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Diplodia Pinea ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Pine Cones ◽  
Canker Pathogens

Frequency of detection and inoculum production by the conifer shoot blight and canker pathogens Diplodia pinea and D. scrobiculata on cones of red pine (Pinus resinosa) and jack pine (P. banksiana) were studied. Cones were collected from the ground and from canopies of red and jack pine trees in mixed stands at three sites in each of two different locations during two consecutive summers in Wisconsin. Conidia were extracted in water, quantified, germination tested, and the Diplodia species present was determined using molecular methods. At least one pathogen was detected from each tree at each site in both years. Overall, more conidia were extracted from cones from canopies than cones from the ground and from red pine cones than jack pine cones. Both total numbers of conidia extracted and proportions of cones yielding D. pinea or D. scrobiculata varied by location and pine species. Cones from either the ground or canopies can be used for surveys to detect Diplodia spp. at a given site but cones from canopies may be more useful to determine the relative abundance of potentially available inoculum of these pathogens.

Invasive White Sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis) Control with Herbicides, Cutting, and Flaming

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery S. Conn ◽  
Steven S. Seefeldt
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
First Year ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Melilotus Officinalis ◽  
River Floodplains ◽  
Glacial River ◽  
Second Year ◽  
And Control

AbstractWhite sweetclover is invading the Alaska glacial river floodplains and roadsides adjacent to natural areas, and control methods are needed. Chlorsulfuron, 2,4-DB, clopyralid, triclopyr, and 2,4-D controlled white sweetclover seedlings below recommended rates in the greenhouse. Biomass of established plants in the field was reduced by chlorsulfuron at recommended (17.6 g ai/ha), 1/2, and 1/4 rates and was reduced by triclopyr and 2,4-D at recommended rates (1,260 and 1,600 g ai/ha). Herbicides were more effective at reducing white sweetclover viable seed production in 2007 than in 2006. Only chlorsulfuron at 17.6 g ai/ha (recommended rate) eliminated seed production in both years. Flaming killed first-year plants, but some second-year plants resprouted and produced viable seed. Cutting at the 2.5 or 10 cm height did not control first-year plants because of regrowth, and second-year plant density and seed production was reduced by cutting at 2.5 cm but not by cutting at 10 cm.

Insects Affecting Seed Production in Red Pine: II. Dioryctria disclusa Heinrich, D. abietella (D. and S.), and D. cambiicola (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae)

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Family Relationship ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Pine Cones ◽  
Seasonal History

This paper describes the seasonal history and habits of three borers of the genus Dioryctria that destroy red pine cones in Ontario. These insects, as a group, generally rank second in importance as cone destroyers to the cone beetle, Conophthorus resinosae Hopk., which was the subject of the first paper in this series (11), and are presented together because of their family relationship and the similarity of their habits.

The Seasonal Development of a Species of Conophthorus (Hopkins) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the Shoots of Jack Pine, Pinus banksiana (Lamb.), in Ontario

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 936-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Herdy ◽  
J. B. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Host Tree ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Second Year

Two publications dealing with the seasonal development of species of Conophthorus have appeared in recent years. Lyons (1956) reported on a study of C. resinosae Hopk. in red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait., in Ontario, whereas Ruckes (1958) gave the details of his observations on C. radiatae Hopk. in Monterey pine, Pinus radiata D. Don, in California. Both species attack the developing cones of the host tree, although Lyons found that C. resinosae would develop in the shoots of red pine, and occasionally attacked the second-year cones of jack pine as well. The jack pine-inhabiting species, however, has been found almost exclusively in the shoots; only seven second-year cones that had been mined were collectcd during two years of investigation.

Seasonal growth patterns of ovulate strobili of Pinus resinosa in central Wisconsin

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 839-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. I. Dickmann ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
First Year ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Diurnal Fluctuations ◽  
Second Year

Seasonal growth patterns and water balance of first- and second-year strobili and seeds of Pinus resinosa Ait. were studied. Strobili emerged from the bud in late May or early June and grew slowly during the first season, reaching approximately 1/40 the weight of mature strobili. After a rapid period of hydration which lasted until mid-June, the weight of water in first-year strobili remained stable, but percentage of moisture decreased, primarily because of increasing dry weight. Strobili resumed growth in mid-April of the second year and grew slowly until June. Then, at about the time that fertilization of ovules occurred, dry weight increment of strobili increased greatly until a final weight of 6 to 8 g was reached early in August. However, strobili reached final size in mid-July. After mid-June, both the weight of water and percentage of moisture of second-year strobili decreased greatly, reflecting characteristic dehydration of cones during maturation. Seeds increased rapidly in dry weight after fertilization, but decreased sharply in percentage of moisture and weight of water.Continuous monitoring of strobilus diameters with dendrographs showed that, during the first year, strobili expanded slowly and showed diurnal fluctuations in diameter during periods of water stress. Second-year strobili showed three growth phases: an initial phase characterized by net diameter increment; a second phase in which no large net diameter increment took place although diurnal fluctuations regularly occurred; and a third, dehydration, phase during which time strobilus diameters decreased, accompanied by diurnal contraction and partial reexpansion.

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