Sclerotia as viable sources of mycelia for the establishment of ectomycorrhizae

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1085-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Grenville ◽  
Y. Piché ◽  
R. L. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Paxillus Involutus ◽  
Hartig Net ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pure Cultures

The ectomycorrhizal fungi Pisolithus tinctorius and Paxillus involutus, which have wide host potential and diverse ecological ranges, were grown in association with pine seedlings in plastic growth pouches. Sclerotia formed under these conditions were stored at room temperature for up to 30 days and then germinated on agar medium. Pure cultures of P. involutus also produced sclerotia and these also regenerated in culture. Mycelial plugs from the sclerotia-derived cultures were subsequently reinoculated onto pine roots. Typical ectomycorrhizae with a mantle and Hartig net were established.

Use of mycelial slurries of mycorrhizal fungi as inoculum for commercial tree seedling nurseries

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1480-1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Boyle ◽  
W. J. Robertson ◽  
P. O. Salonius
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Tree Seedling ◽  
Root Zones ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Growing Medium

Blended mycelial slurries of a variety of ectomycorrhizal fungi were assessed for their suitability as inoculum for containerized tree seedlings. Mycelium of most fungi tested, with the exceptions of Pisolithustinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch and Paxillusinvolutus (Batsch.: Fr.) Fr., withstood blending well. Viability remained high after storage in modified Melin–Norkrans agar medium, water, or dilute saline at either 4 °C or room temperature, indicating that slurries are robust enough to tolerate conditions that would be encountered in a commercial setting. Experiments investigating methods for applying slurries to containerized seedlings were conducted using Hebelomalongicaudum (Pers.: Fr.) Kummer. Slurry infectivity dropped after it was mixed into a peat–vermiculite growing medium, particularly in the presence of high levels of fertilizer. This indicated that incoculum should not be added to multipots until short roots capable of becoming mycorrhizal are present and that contact of the inoculum with fertilizer should be avoided. Injection of slurry into the root zone resulted in the most consistently high colonization, but application of the slurry to the surface of the growing medium was also effective, the latter being more feasible in a commercial setting. Mycorrhizae developed with as little as 1 mg mycelium per seedling, although 100 mg gave more consistent results. In inoculation trials in which slurries of nine representative fungi were injected into the root zones of 8-week-old black spruce or jack pine seedlings, five of the fungi consistently formed mycorrhizae. For these fungi, slurries could be an effective inoculum.

Application of ectomycorrhizal fungi in rooting of Scots pine fascicular shoots

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1221-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karoliina Niemi ◽  
Maija Salonen ◽  
Arild Ernstsen ◽  
Helvi Heinonen-Tanski ◽  
Hely Häggman
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Paxillus Involutus ◽  
Root Induction ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Vitro Production

The ectomycorrhizal fungi, Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch and three Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. strains, were used to enhance in vivo rooting in fascicular shoots of 49 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) genotypes representing seed families from southern and northern Finland. Inoculation with specific fungi either increased the rooting percentage or accelerated root formation expressed as an increased number of adventitious roots per cutting. Only one of the six seed families gave no positive response. The relationship between the in vitro production of free and conjugated forms of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by the fungi and rooting was also investigated. Pisolithus tinctorius was the only significant producer of IAA in the absence of exogenous tryptophan. All the Paxillus involutus strains also synthesized both free and conjugated IAA but did that actively only from exogenous tryptophan. In vitro production of IAA did not correlate with root induction in vivo, but the rooting responses depended on the fungus strains and the Scots pine seed families and (or) genotypes within families. This indicates that in vitro IAA production capacity cannot be the only criterion when selecting ectomycorrhizal fungi for rooting in vivo and that specific genotype-genotype interactions play a key role in root initiation.

Technique for the observation of early morphological changes during ectomycorrhiza formation

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. André Fortin ◽  
Yves Piché ◽  
Maurice Lalonde
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Hartig Net ◽  
Cenococcum Graniforme

Flat, transparent polyester growth pouches were used for synthesis of ectomycorrhizae on Pinus strobus seedlings. Typical ectomycorrhizae with mantle and Hartig net were obtained within 5 days after inoculation with Pisolithus tinctorius. An extensive extramatrical network of hyphae and hyphal strands could be observed within 15 days after ectomycorrhizae formation. The process was somewhat slower with Cenococcum graniforme. Other proven ectomycorrhizal fungi on P. strobus were unsuccessful in forming ectomycorrhizae under conditions used in these experiments.

scholarly journals The effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi and bacteria on pine seedlings

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Dahm ◽  
Edward Strzelczyk ◽  
Agnieszka Ciesielska ◽  
Katarzyna Redlak
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Azospirillum Brasilense ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Hebeloma Crustuliniforme ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of ecomycorrhizal fungi (<i>Hebelon crustuliniforme</i>(Bull.: Fr.) Quél. 5392 and <i> Pisolithus tinctorius</i> (Pers.) Coker et Couch 5335) and bacteria (<i>Bacillus polymyxa</i> and <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i>). associated with mycorrhizas on the growth of pine seedligs was investigated. In addition the influence of bacteria on fungal biomass production and the relationship between ectomycorrhizal fungi and fungi pathogenic to root of pine seedlings were determined. In general, the shoot/root ratio was higher in plants inoculated with <i>Hebeloma crustuliniforme</i> and bacteria than in the control seedlings (grown only under sterile conditions). In non-sterile substrate the root/shoot ratio of the mycorrhizal seedlings was lower as compared to the control. Similar phenomenon was noted in plants inoculated with the mycorrhizal fungus <i>Pisolithus tinetorius</i>. The bacteria used as well as the time of introduction of these organisms into the cultures of mycorrhiza fungi affected the production of fungal biomass. <i>Hebeloma crustuliniforme</i> and <i>Pisolithus tinctorius</i> inhibited the growth of <i>Rizoctonia solani</i> and <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> fungi pathogenic to pine seedlings.

scholarly journals The effect of two ectomycorrhizal fungi, Paxillus involutus and Suillus tomentosus, and of Bacillus subtilis on Fusarium damping-off in jack pine seedlings

2005 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.F. Hwang ◽  
P. Chakravarty ◽  
K.-F. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Paxillus Involutus ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Colony Forming Units

Two species of ectomycorrhizal fungi, Paxillus involutus and Suillus tomentosus, and a bacterial strain of Bacillus subtilis, were tested against Fusarium moniliforme, the causal agent of damping-off in jack pine (Pinus banksiana) seedlings. Both P. involutus and B. subtilis inhibited in vitro growth of F moniliforme. The culture filtrates of P. involutus and B. subtilis were toxic to F moniliforme, but chlamydospore formation of F moniliforme was observed. Greater jack pine seedling survival was observed when co-inoculated with P. involutus and B. subtilis than with F moniliforme alone. S. tomentosus neither inhibited in vitro growth of F moniliforme nor increased survival of jack pine seedlings against F moniliforme. F moniliforme reduced ectomycorrhiza formation on jack pine seedlings by P. involutus and S. tomentosus. The number of colony forming units of F moniliforme was significantly reduced when seedlings were inoculated with P. involutus and B. subtilis alone or in combination. S. tomentosus, on the other hand, did not reduce the number of colony forming units of F moniliforme. The suppression of F moniliforme growth by P. involutus and B. subtilis involved production of antifungal compounds.

scholarly journals Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Pinus densiflora Seedlings under Flooding Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4367
Author(s):  
Yoonhee Cho ◽  
Shinnam Yoo ◽  
Myung Soo Park ◽  
Ji Seon Kim ◽  
Chang Sun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Thelephora Terrestris ◽  
Suillus Luteus ◽  
Flooding Stress ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Rhizopogon Luteolus

Flooding is an environmental stress for plants that not only limits aeration and nutrient acquisition, but also disturbs underground plant-associated fungal communities. Despite frequent flooding, red pine (Pinus densiflora) seedlings thrive in streamside environments. However, whether the compatible ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) of red pine are affected by natural flooding is unclear. As EMF are vital symbionts for the development of many trees and allow them to overcome various environmental stresses, in this study, the EMF species associated with red pine seedlings in a streamside environment in Korea were investigated after flooding. The EMF species in 47 seedlings collected from the streamside site were identified by observing their different morphotypes using internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis, and a total of 10 EMF species were identified. The EMF species diversity was lower than that in samples collected from a nearby forest analyzed as a control. The dominant EMF species of streamside seedlings included Amphinema spp., Rhizopogon luteolus, Suillus luteus, and Thelephora terrestris. This study could serve as a basis for investigating the mechanisms by which advantageous EMF aid plant development under flooding stress.

Distributions and Compositions of Brominated Diphenyl Ethers-209 in Pine Seedlings Inoculated with Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

2019 ◽  
Vol 230 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhugui Wen ◽  
Mengyu Chen ◽  
Huilong Lu ◽  
Shiqi Huang ◽  
Jincheng Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Brominated Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Diphenyl Ethers

scholarly journals Cadmium-Responsive Thiols in the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Paxillus involutus

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 7413-7417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikael Courbot ◽  
Laurent Diez ◽  
Roberta Ruotolo ◽  
Michel Chalot ◽  
Pierre Leroy
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Metal Tolerance ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Paxillus Involutus ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Relative Lack ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Method

ABSTRACT Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the sustained metal tolerance of ectomycorrhizal fungi are largely unknown. Some of the main mechanisms involved in metal detoxification appear to involve the chelation of metal ions in the cytosol with thiol-containing compounds, such as glutathione, phytochelatins, or metallothioneins. We used an improved high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous measurement of thiol-containing compounds from cysteine and its derivatives (γ-glutamylcysteine, glutathione) to higher-molecular-mass compounds (phytochelatins). We found that glutathione and γ-glutamylcysteine contents increased when the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus was exposed to cadmium. An additional compound with a 3-kDa molecular mass, most probably related to a metallothionein, increased drastically in mycelia exposed to cadmium. The relative lack of phytochelatins and the presence of a putative metallothionein suggest that ectomycorrhizal fungi may use a different means to tolerate heavy metals, such as Cd, than do their plant hosts.

Structure and ontogeny of Betula alleghaniensis – Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizae

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Massicotte ◽  
R. L. Peterson ◽  
C. A. Ackerley ◽  
L. H. Melville
Keyword(s):  
Root Hairs ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Hartig Net ◽  
Primary Roots

The ontogeny and ultrastructure of ectomycorrhizae synthesized between Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch) and Pisolithus tinctorius, a broad host range fungus, were studied to determine the structural modifications in both symbionts during ectomycorrhiza establishment. A number of stages, including initial contact of hyphae with the root surface, early mantle formation, and mature mantle formation, were distinguished. Interactions between hyphae and root hairs were frequent. As a paraepidermal Hartig net developed, root epidermal cells elongated in a radial direction, but wall ingrowths were not formed. Repeated branching of Hartig net hyphae resulted in extensive fine branches and the compartmentalization of hyphal cytoplasm. Nuclei and elongated mitochondria were frequently located in the narrow cytoplasmic compartments, and [Formula: see text] thickenings developed along walls of cortical cells in primary roots.

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