DIFFERENTIAL GIEMSA STAINING IN PLANTS. V. TWO TYPES OF CONSTITUTIVE HETEROCHROMATIN IN SPECIES OF AVENA

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Tian Yen ◽  
W. Gary Filion
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Giemsa Staining ◽  
Barium Hydroxide ◽  
Giemsa Banding ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Hydrolysis Temperature

Modified ASG (Acetic/Saline/Giemsa) and BSG (Barium hydroxide/Saline/Giemsa) chromosome banding techniques applied to several diploid species of oats produced two distinct types of C-banding patterns. One pattern consisted mainly of centromeric bands with occasional telomeric and/or intercalary bands while the other was comprised only of prominent telomeric and intercalary bands. These two banding patterns which probably reflect two distinct types of constitutive heterochromatin resulted from a change in the HCl hydrolysis temperature prior to the application of the ASG or BSG technique; hydrolysis at 60 °C yielded the centromeric bands and hydrolysis at room temperature produced telomeric and intercalary bands. Since all species examined reacted in a similar manner, precise Giemsa banding patterns should now be possible for all or most species of oats.

DIFFERENTIAL GIEMSA STAINING IN PLANTS. VI. CENTROMERIC BANDING

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Gary Filion ◽  
David H. Blakey
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Giemsa Staining ◽  
Barium Hydroxide ◽  
Banding Technique ◽  
Giemsa Banding ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Somatic Metaphase ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Hydrolysis Temperature

Somatic metaphase chromosomes of Tulipa which were subjected to various hydrolyses with several times and temperatures displayed two distinctive types of C-banding when stained using the BSG (Barium hydroxide/Saline/Giemsa) chromosome banding technique. In addition to the two types of Giemsa bands, namely intercalary/terminal and centromeric, a unique transition from the former to the latter type of banding was observed. That is, at the point of transition from intercalary/terminal to centromeric banding, both types were present at one time. The two types of Giemsa banding resulted from different HCl hydrolysis times and temperatures; centromeric bands being observed after either a prolonged hydrolysis at room temperature or an increase in the hydrolysis temperature to 60 °C. These results are discussed in relation to the mechanisms of chromosome banding.

G and/or C-bands in plant chromosomes?

1984 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
I. Schubert ◽  
R. Rieger ◽  
P. Dobel
Keyword(s):  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Giemsa Staining ◽  
Giemsa Banding ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Plant Chromosomes ◽  
Nucleolus Organizing Region ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Simple Sequence

Similarities and differences become evident from comparisons of centromeric and non-centromeric banding patterns in plant and animal chromosomes. Similar to C and G-banding in animals (at least most of the reptiles, birds and mammals), centromeric and nucleolus-organizing region bands as well as interstitially and/or terminally located non-centromeric bands may occur in plants, depending on the kind and strength of pretreatment procedures. The last group of bands may sometimes be subdivided into broad regularly occurring ‘marker’ bands and thinner bands of more variable appearance. Non-centromeric bands in plants often correspond to blocks of constitutive heterochromatin that are rich in simple sequence DNA and sometimes show polymorphism; they thus resemble C-bands. However, most of these bands contain late-replicating DNA. Also they are sometimes rich A X T base-pairs, closely adjacent to each other and positionally identical to Feulgen+ and Q+ bands, thus being comparable to mammalian G-bands. Although banding that is reverse to the non-centromeric bands after Giemsa staining is still uncertain in plants, reverse banding patterns can be obtained with Feulgen or with pairs of A X T versus G X C-specific fluorochromes. It is therefore concluded that not all of the plant Giemsa banding patterns correspond to C-banding of mammalian chromosomes. Before the degree of homology between different Giemsa banding patterns in plants and G and/or C-bands in mammals is finally elucidated, the use of the neutral term ‘Giemsa band’, specified by position (e.g. centromeric, proximal, interstitial, terminal), is suggested to avoid confusion.

CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE IN CHILOCORUS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE). II. THE ASYNCHRONOUS REPLICATION OF CONSTITUTIVE HETEROCHROMATIN

1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Ennis
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Chromosome Structure ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Chromosome Replication ◽  
Data Models ◽  
Late Replication ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Asynchronous Replication ◽  
Chilocorus Stigma

Chromosome replication has been analysed in four species of Chilocorus. In C. orbus Csy., C. tricyclus Smith, and C. hexacyclus Smith, centric regions of all chromosomes are last to replicate, preceded in order by heterochromatic arms and euchromatic arms. In C. stigma Say, very late replication of centric regions can be detected only in otherwise wholly euchromatic chromosomes (= monophasics); in chromosomes with one arm heterochromatic (= diphasics), these arms are last to replicate. Based on pachytene bivalent morphology and chromosome banding patterns, and supported by autoradiographic data, models are presented for the general organisation of Chilocorus chromosomes. All chromosomes in the first three species are subdivided into euchromatic arm, centric heterochromatin, and either a second euchromatic arm (monophasics) or a heterochromatic arm (diphasics). Chilocorus stigma diphasics apparently lack distinct centric organisation, and are therefore divided into euchromatic and heterochromatic arms only.

PERICENTROMERIC CHROMOSOME BANDING IN HIGHER PLANTS

1973 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Stack ◽  
C. R. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Repetitive Dna ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Pericentric Heterochromatin ◽  
Giemsa Staining ◽  
Plantago Ovata

By using a modified Giemsa staining technique, which is thought to indicate the presence of repetitive DNA, pericentric heterochromatin was stained in the chromosomes of two plant species, Plantago ovata and Allium cepa. Apparently in plants, just as in animals, there is a tendency for constitutive heterochromatin and repetitive DNA to associate with chromosome centromeres.

The constitutive heterochromatin in chromosomes of Fritillaria sp., as revealed by Giemsa banding

1978 ◽  
Vol 285 (1004) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Repetitive Dna ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
New World ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Giemsa Staining ◽  
Repetitive Dna Sequences ◽  
Giemsa Banding ◽  
World Species

The incidence of C-bands (constitutive heterochromatin), as determined by differential Giemsa staining, was studied in the chromosomes of 56 species, varietal forms and subgenera of Fritillaria and 30 of them are illustrated. With the exception of the subgenera Korolkowi , a supposed link between lilies and fritillaries, the chromosome complements of all plants contained bands. There were wide differences in the size and number of these bands among species both within and between groups. In those with the largest and most abundant bands, there was a pronounced tendency for centromeric localization, both in Old and New World species. The Giemsapositive centromeres were masked when this occurred. Heteromorphy in respect of banding occurred in most species. The relation of repetitive DNA sequences with heterochromatin is discussed, as is also the problem of evolution in Fritillaria .

THE GIEMSA BANDING PATTERN OF THE AUSTRALIAN SWAMP BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS): CHROMOSOME HOMOLOGY WITH OTHER BOVIDAE

1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Toll ◽  
C. R. E. Halnan
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Giemsa Banding ◽  
Apparent Absence ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Chromosome Homology ◽  
Swamp Buffalo

A Giemsa banding method was used to obtain preparations from which a G-band idiogram for the chromosomes of the Australian Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) was constructed. Comparison with the G-banding patterns for goat, sheep, and ox chromosomes showed a remarkably close similarity between individual pairs, banding pattern homologies for the buffalo metacentric autosomes being identifiable among the acrocentric autosomes of the other species. However, the goat and sheep lacked a comparable autosome to the buffalo 10, the buffalo lacked an autosome comparable to the ox 12, the acrocentric X chromosome of the buffalo banded most closely to the goat X and was least like the ox. The buffalo Y chromosome was unlike its counterpart in the other species. The results are in keeping with the previously expressed view of evolution within the Bovidae by a Robertsonian mechanism modified by the apparent absence of one pair of autosomes from the buffalo and of a different pair from sheep and goats.

scholarly journals Different Kinds of Heterochromatin in Higher Plant Chromosomes

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-504
Author(s):  
S. M. STACK ◽  
C. R. CLARKE ◽  
W. E. CARY ◽  
J. T. MUFFLY
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Pericentric Heterochromatin ◽  
Giemsa Staining ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Plant Chromosomes ◽  
Staining Techniques ◽  
Ornithogalum Virens ◽  
Basic Similarity

After the use of different Giemsa staining techniques, variations in chromosome banding patterns have often been observed in animal chromosomes. Such staining differences are usually interpreted to indicate that there is more than one type of heterochromatin in many animal chromosomes. Using two differential Giemsa staining techniques we have found different staining patterns in the chromosomes of two higher plants, Allium cepa and Ornithogalum virens. Furthermore, pericentric heterochromatin that occurs so commonly in animal chromo-somes was specifically Giemsa stained in O. virens. These results suggest the basic similarity of higher plant and animal chromosomes.

scholarly journals THE X CHROMOSOMES OF MAMMALS: KARYOLOGICAL HOMOLOGY AS REVEALED BY BANDING TECHNIQUES

Genetics ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 703-714
Author(s):  
Sen Pathak ◽  
A Dean Stock
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Chromosome Segment ◽  
Haploid Genome ◽  
Giemsa Banding ◽  
Standard Type ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Autosome Translocation

ABSTRACT A comparison of the Giemsa-banding patterns of the X chromosomes in various mammalian species including man indicates that two major bands (A and B), which are resistant to trypsin and urea-treatments, are always present irrespective of the gross morphology of the X chromosomes. This is true in all mammalian species with the "original or standard type" X chromosomes (5-6% of the haploid genome) thus far analyzed. In the unusually large-sized X chromosomes the extra chromosomal material may be due either to the addition of genetically inert constitutive heterochromatin or to an X-autosome translocation. In these X chromosomes two major bands are present in the actual X-chromosome segment. Our data on C and G band patterns also support Ohno's hypothesis that the mammalian X chromosome is extremely conservative in its genetic content, in spite of its cytogenetic variability.

GIEMSA BANDING IN LOLIUM TEMULENTUM

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Constriction ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Giemsa Staining ◽  
Giemsa Banding ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Lolium Temulentum

A Giemsa staining technique has been applied to the somatic chromosomes of the inbreeding diploid grass Lolium temulentum (2n = 14). Bands appear in six of the seven pairs and are associated either with the centromere or secondary constriction. An idiogram of the chromosomes with their banding patterns is presented.

Electron microscope studies of the plastic deformation of ternary alloys based on GaAs

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1120-1120
Author(s):  
R. Haswell ◽  
U. Bangert ◽  
P. Charsley
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Stacking Faults ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ternary Alloys ◽  
Dislocation Mobility ◽  
Semiconducting Materials ◽  
Micro Indentation

A knowledge of the behaviour of dislocations in semiconducting materials is essential to the understanding of devices which use them . This work is concerned with dislocations in alloys related to the semiconductor GaAs . Previous work on GaAs has shown that microtwinning occurs on one of the <110> rosette arms after indentation in preference to the other . We have shown that the effect of replacing some of the Ga atoms by Al results in microtwinning in both of the rosette arms.In the work to be reported dislocations in specimens of different compositions of Gax Al(1-x) As and Gax In(1-x) As have been studied by using micro indentation on a (001) face at room temperature . A range of electron microscope techniques have been used to investigate the type of dislocations and stacking faults/microtwins in the rosette arms , which are parallel to the [110] and [10] , as a function of composition for both alloys . Under certain conditions microtwinning occurs in both directions . This will be discussed in terms of the dislocation mobility.

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