THE GIEMSA BANDING PATTERN OF THE AUSTRALIAN SWAMP BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS): CHROMOSOME HOMOLOGY WITH OTHER BOVIDAE

1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Toll ◽  
C. R. E. Halnan
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Giemsa Banding ◽  
Apparent Absence ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Chromosome Homology ◽  
Swamp Buffalo

A Giemsa banding method was used to obtain preparations from which a G-band idiogram for the chromosomes of the Australian Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) was constructed. Comparison with the G-banding patterns for goat, sheep, and ox chromosomes showed a remarkably close similarity between individual pairs, banding pattern homologies for the buffalo metacentric autosomes being identifiable among the acrocentric autosomes of the other species. However, the goat and sheep lacked a comparable autosome to the buffalo 10, the buffalo lacked an autosome comparable to the ox 12, the acrocentric X chromosome of the buffalo banded most closely to the goat X and was least like the ox. The buffalo Y chromosome was unlike its counterpart in the other species. The results are in keeping with the previously expressed view of evolution within the Bovidae by a Robertsonian mechanism modified by the apparent absence of one pair of autosomes from the buffalo and of a different pair from sheep and goats.

BANDING PATTERNS IN MITOTIC CHROMOSOMES OF THE RABBIT (ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS)

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. H. Chan ◽  
F. R. Sergovich ◽  
E. L. Shaver
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Acrocentric Chromosome ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Medium Length

A detailed analysis of rabbit mitotic chromosomes stained with quinacrine and Trypsin-Giemsa methods to elucidate the Q and G bands is presented. Each of the 21 pairs of autosomes can be identified unequivocally. The sex chromosomes can also be distinguished from the autosomes. The X chromosome is a medium length submetacentric with its own distinctive banding pattern. The Y chromosome is the smallest acrocentric chromosome and fluoresces with a medium intensity.

scholarly journals AL-QUR'AN DAN MATERIAL GENETIK DALAM SEL KELAMIN PRIA PENENTU JENIS KELAMIN BAYI

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-162
Author(s):  
Bayyinatul Muchtaromah
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female

In many verses of al-Qur'an, men are called to pay their attention to understand how they were created. Human creation and incredible aspects followed were strongly mentioned in many verses in detail until it's impossible for anyone who lived in the seventh century to recognize it. One of them was the information saying that the determinant of baby gender is the spermatozoa coming from men sperm. Allah said in his verse: "and that He (Allah) creates in pairs, male and female. From Nutfah (drops of semen male and female discharge) when it is emitted" (translation of al-Qur'an 53 verse 45-46). Branches of knowledge which have developed, such as Genetics and Molecular Biology, have proved scientifically the information accuracy which has been given by al-Qur'an. Nowadays it has been well-known that sex determination is determined by sperm of man and in fact women play no roles in this determination. If the ovum fuses with sperm which carries Y chromosome than the baby will be born as a male. Conversely, if the sperm carries X chromosome than the baby will be a female. In the other word, the sex of the baby is determined by the kind of man's sperm chromosome which fuses with women's ovum.

Anatomy and chromosomes of two intersexual dasyurid marsupials

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Woolley ◽  
N. Guedelha ◽  
J. A. M. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Side ◽  
Sry Gene ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms ◽  
Male Side

The intersexual phenotypes of marsupials with XXY and XO chromosome constitutions imply that not all sexual dimorphisms are under the control of testicular hormones and, ultimately, the SRY gene on the Y chromosome. It has been hypothesised that there is a gene on the X chromosome that determines whether either a scrotum will form (one copy of the gene) or a pouch with teats (two copies of the gene). Here, we describe the anatomy and chromosomes of two intersexual dasyurid marsupials. One, a Dasyuroides byrnei, had a pouch, but the reproductive tract was essentially male. The other, a Sminthopsis douglasi, had a hemipouch and a hemiscrotum and the reproductive tract was essentially female. The S. douglasi was a mosaic for cells with an apparently normal 2n = 14, XX female karyotype and cells with 2n = 14 plus (usually) two dot-like supernumerary elements 2n = 14, XX + 2B. The D. byrnei cells examined also had a 2n = 14, XX + 2B karyotype. In fibroblasts from the male and female sides of the S. douglasi, it was possible to assign the 2n = 14, XX karyotype to the male side and the 2n = 14, XX + 2B to the female side.

Mapping the mouse X chromosome: possible symmetry in the location of a family of sequences on the mouse X and Y chromosomes

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 101 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Philip Avner ◽  
Colin Bishop ◽  
Laurence Amar ◽  
Jacques Cambrou ◽  
Didier Hatat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Somatic Cell Hybrid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Somatic Cell Hybrid Panel ◽  
Mus Spretus ◽  
Y Chromosomes

Major advances in our knowledge of the genetic organization of the mouse X chromosome have been obtained by the use of interspecific crosses involving Mus spretus-derived strains. This system has been used to study sequences detected by three probes 80Y/B, 302Y/B and 371Y/B isolated from a mouse Y-chromosome library which have been shown to recognize both male–female common and male–female differential sequences. These patterns are due to the presence of a family of cross-reacting sequences on the mouse X and Y chromosomes. Detailed genetic analysis of the localization of the X-chromosomespecific sequences using both a somatic cell hybrid panel and an interspecific mouse cross has revealed the presence of at least three discrete clusters of loci (X–Y)A, (X–Y)B and (X–Y)C. Two of these clusters, (X–Y)B and (X–Y)C, lie distally on the mouse X chromosome, the other cluster (X–Y)A being situated close to the centromere. In situ hybridization shows a striking symmetry in the localization of the major sequences on both the X and Y chromosomes detected by these probes, hybridization being preferentially localized to a subcentromeric and subtelomeric region on each chromosome. This striking localization symmetry between the X and Y chromosome sequences is discussed in terms of the extensive pairing of the X–Y chromosomes noted during meiosis.

GIEMSA-BANDING PATTERN OF MUNTJAC CHROMOSOMES

1973 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sharma ◽  
G. S. Garg
Keyword(s):  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Giemsa Banding ◽  
Fluorescent Staining ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Indian Muntjac

The Giemsa-banding patterns of Indian muntjac chromosomes stained after denaturation and renaturation of DNA were similar to the fluorescent staining patterns reported by others using quinacrine mustard.

DIFFERENTIAL GIEMSA STAINING IN PLANTS. V. TWO TYPES OF CONSTITUTIVE HETEROCHROMATIN IN SPECIES OF AVENA

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Tian Yen ◽  
W. Gary Filion
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Giemsa Staining ◽  
Barium Hydroxide ◽  
Giemsa Banding ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Hydrolysis Temperature

Modified ASG (Acetic/Saline/Giemsa) and BSG (Barium hydroxide/Saline/Giemsa) chromosome banding techniques applied to several diploid species of oats produced two distinct types of C-banding patterns. One pattern consisted mainly of centromeric bands with occasional telomeric and/or intercalary bands while the other was comprised only of prominent telomeric and intercalary bands. These two banding patterns which probably reflect two distinct types of constitutive heterochromatin resulted from a change in the HCl hydrolysis temperature prior to the application of the ASG or BSG technique; hydrolysis at 60 °C yielded the centromeric bands and hydrolysis at room temperature produced telomeric and intercalary bands. Since all species examined reacted in a similar manner, precise Giemsa banding patterns should now be possible for all or most species of oats.

The Chromosomes of Six Species of the Drosophila lativittata Complex

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
IR Bock
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sexual Isolation ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Australian Species

Metaphase and polytene karyotypes were investigated in six Australian species of the Drosophila (Scaptodrosophila) coracina species-group: lativittata, enigma, specensis, howensis, nitidithorax and novamaculosa. The male metaphase karyotype of each species consists of three pairs of telocentric; one pair of metacentric and one pair of small heterochromatic chromosomes, plus a large acrocentric X-chromosome and a smaller acrocentric Y-chromosome. The polytene karyotype of each species consists of six arms and a small chromocentre. No inversion polymorphisms were found in the two species (lativittata and enigma) investigated for this phenomenon. Interspecific crosses obtained between enigma and howensis and between lativittata and nitidithorax revealed that the former species (between which sexual isolation is incomplete) are entirely homosequential, and differences in polytene banding patterns between the latter species are very slight. Photographic comparisons otherwise revealed that the banding sequences of all six species are substantially identical.

scholarly journals Memoirs: Marsupial Spermatogenesis

1923 ◽  
Vol s2-67 (266) ◽  
pp. 203-218
Author(s):  
A. W. GREENWOOD
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Meiotic Division ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pachytene Stage ◽  
Late Pachytene ◽  
Early Pachytene ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
And Function

In the three animals studied the total number of chromosomes in the male is as follows : Phascolarctus 16 (14 autosomes + XY). Sarcophilus 14 (12 autosomes + XY). Dasyurus 14 (12 autosomes + XY). In the female the number of chromosomes is as follows : Phascolarctus 16 (14 autosomes + XX). Sarcophilus 14 (12 autosomes + XX). In all animals dealt with in this paper the Y-chromosome is very minute in size compared with the other chromosomes; also the X-chromosome is much smaller than any of the autosomes. Chromomeres are conspicuous during syndesis, early pachytene, and early diplotene stages. The early pachytene stage is followed by a late pachytene stage in which the threads become diffuse and lose their capacity for taking up the stain. Except in the early meiotic prophase the sex chromosome remains compact and deeply stained and does not thread out like the autosomes. In all the above animals the first meiotic division is reductional, separating the X- and the Y-chromosomes, and the second division is equational, in each cell the sex chromosome dividing. The spermatozoa are therefore of two kinds, one containing an X-chromosome and the other containing a Y-chromosome. No further reduction in the number of chromosomes takes place during the second meiotic division. The Y-chromosome could not be identified during the meiotic phase until the metaphase of the first meiotic division. At this stage in Phascolarctus the sex chromosomes are separate and do not form a bivalent. The archoplasm seems to exert some influence on the chromatin threads at synizesis and during the early pachytene stage. In the former case the contraction takes place to that side of the nucleus at which the archoplasmic mass is situated; in the latter the chromosomes are in the form of thick loops with the ends of the chromosomes pointing towards the archoplasmic mass. In Phascolarctus the Sertoli cells are very large and possess peculiar rod-like bodies, the origin and function of which was not arrived at. The result of experiments seem to show that the rods are not affected by the action of digestive fluids.

scholarly journals How did the guppy Y chromosome evolve?

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. e1009704
Author(s):  
Deborah Charlesworth ◽  
Roberta Bergero ◽  
Chay Graham ◽  
Jim Gardner ◽  
Karen Keegan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Suppressed Recombination ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Male Coloration

The sex chromosome pairs of many species do not undergo genetic recombination, unlike the autosomes. It has been proposed that the suppressed recombination results from natural selection favouring close linkage between sex-determining genes and mutations on this chromosome with advantages in one sex, but disadvantages in the other (these are called sexually antagonistic mutations). No example of such selection leading to suppressed recombination has been described, but populations of the guppy display sexually antagonistic mutations (affecting male coloration), and would be expected to evolve suppressed recombination. In extant close relatives of the guppy, the Y chromosomes have suppressed recombination, and have lost all the genes present on the X (this is called genetic degeneration). However, the guppy Y occasionally recombines with its X, despite carrying sexually antagonistic mutations. We describe evidence that a new Y evolved recently in the guppy, from an X chromosome like that in these relatives, replacing the old, degenerated Y, and explaining why the guppy pair still recombine. The male coloration factors probably arose after the new Y evolved, and have already evolved expression that is confined to males, a different way to avoid the conflict between the sexes.

scholarly journals THE X CHROMOSOMES OF MAMMALS: KARYOLOGICAL HOMOLOGY AS REVEALED BY BANDING TECHNIQUES

Genetics ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 703-714
Author(s):  
Sen Pathak ◽  
A Dean Stock
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Chromosome Segment ◽  
Haploid Genome ◽  
Giemsa Banding ◽  
Standard Type ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Autosome Translocation

ABSTRACT A comparison of the Giemsa-banding patterns of the X chromosomes in various mammalian species including man indicates that two major bands (A and B), which are resistant to trypsin and urea-treatments, are always present irrespective of the gross morphology of the X chromosomes. This is true in all mammalian species with the "original or standard type" X chromosomes (5-6% of the haploid genome) thus far analyzed. In the unusually large-sized X chromosomes the extra chromosomal material may be due either to the addition of genetically inert constitutive heterochromatin or to an X-autosome translocation. In these X chromosomes two major bands are present in the actual X-chromosome segment. Our data on C and G band patterns also support Ohno's hypothesis that the mammalian X chromosome is extremely conservative in its genetic content, in spite of its cytogenetic variability.

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