PERICENTROMERIC CHROMOSOME BANDING IN HIGHER PLANTS

1973 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Stack ◽  
C. R. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Repetitive Dna ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Pericentric Heterochromatin ◽  
Giemsa Staining ◽  
Plantago Ovata

By using a modified Giemsa staining technique, which is thought to indicate the presence of repetitive DNA, pericentric heterochromatin was stained in the chromosomes of two plant species, Plantago ovata and Allium cepa. Apparently in plants, just as in animals, there is a tendency for constitutive heterochromatin and repetitive DNA to associate with chromosome centromeres.

DIFFERENTIAL GIEMSA STAINING OF THE TELOMERES OF ALLIUM CEPA CHROMOSOMES: OBSERVATIONS RELATED TO CHROMOSOME PAIRING

1973 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Stack ◽  
C. R. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Repetitive Dna ◽  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Mitotic Cycle ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Giemsa Staining

We have used a Giemsa staining technique, which is thought to indicate the site of repetitive DNA and constitutive heterochromatin, to stain the telomeres of Allium cepa chromosomes differentially. These differentially stained telomeres are equally visible throughout the mitotic cycle including interphase. We observed fusions of telomeres that included both homologous and non-homologous associations. Evidence that repetitive DNA plays a role in chromosome pairing is presented.

HETEROCHROMATIC CONNECTIVES BETWEEN THE CHROMOSOMES OF SECALE CEREALE

1975 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane E. Godin ◽  
Stephen M. Stack
Keyword(s):  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Repetitive Dna ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Mitotic Cycle ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Giemsa Staining ◽  
Chromosome Associations

A Giemsa staining technique that is thought to indicate the site of constitutive heterochromatin and repetitive DNA was used to stain the telomeres of Secale cereale (rye) chromosomes. Heterochromatic telomeres are visible throughout the mitotic cycle, and fusions and connections were observed between telomeres during prophase and metaphase. These observations are consistent with an earlier report of heterochromatic connections between telomeres of Allium cepa chromosomes and support the hypothesis that constitutive heterochromatin and repetitive DNA may be involved in chromosome associations.

scholarly journals Different Kinds of Heterochromatin in Higher Plant Chromosomes

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-504
Author(s):  
S. M. STACK ◽  
C. R. CLARKE ◽  
W. E. CARY ◽  
J. T. MUFFLY
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Pericentric Heterochromatin ◽  
Giemsa Staining ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Plant Chromosomes ◽  
Staining Techniques ◽  
Ornithogalum Virens ◽  
Basic Similarity

After the use of different Giemsa staining techniques, variations in chromosome banding patterns have often been observed in animal chromosomes. Such staining differences are usually interpreted to indicate that there is more than one type of heterochromatin in many animal chromosomes. Using two differential Giemsa staining techniques we have found different staining patterns in the chromosomes of two higher plants, Allium cepa and Ornithogalum virens. Furthermore, pericentric heterochromatin that occurs so commonly in animal chromo-somes was specifically Giemsa stained in O. virens. These results suggest the basic similarity of higher plant and animal chromosomes.

DIFFERENTIAL GIEMSA STAINING IN PLANTS. V. TWO TYPES OF CONSTITUTIVE HETEROCHROMATIN IN SPECIES OF AVENA

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Tian Yen ◽  
W. Gary Filion
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Giemsa Staining ◽  
Barium Hydroxide ◽  
Giemsa Banding ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Hydrolysis Temperature

Modified ASG (Acetic/Saline/Giemsa) and BSG (Barium hydroxide/Saline/Giemsa) chromosome banding techniques applied to several diploid species of oats produced two distinct types of C-banding patterns. One pattern consisted mainly of centromeric bands with occasional telomeric and/or intercalary bands while the other was comprised only of prominent telomeric and intercalary bands. These two banding patterns which probably reflect two distinct types of constitutive heterochromatin resulted from a change in the HCl hydrolysis temperature prior to the application of the ASG or BSG technique; hydrolysis at 60 °C yielded the centromeric bands and hydrolysis at room temperature produced telomeric and intercalary bands. Since all species examined reacted in a similar manner, precise Giemsa banding patterns should now be possible for all or most species of oats.

The constitutive heterochromatin in chromosomes of Fritillaria sp., as revealed by Giemsa banding

1978 ◽  
Vol 285 (1004) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Repetitive Dna ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
New World ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Giemsa Staining ◽  
Repetitive Dna Sequences ◽  
Giemsa Banding ◽  
World Species

The incidence of C-bands (constitutive heterochromatin), as determined by differential Giemsa staining, was studied in the chromosomes of 56 species, varietal forms and subgenera of Fritillaria and 30 of them are illustrated. With the exception of the subgenera Korolkowi , a supposed link between lilies and fritillaries, the chromosome complements of all plants contained bands. There were wide differences in the size and number of these bands among species both within and between groups. In those with the largest and most abundant bands, there was a pronounced tendency for centromeric localization, both in Old and New World species. The Giemsapositive centromeres were masked when this occurred. Heteromorphy in respect of banding occurred in most species. The relation of repetitive DNA sequences with heterochromatin is discussed, as is also the problem of evolution in Fritillaria .

CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE IN CHILOCORUS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE). II. THE ASYNCHRONOUS REPLICATION OF CONSTITUTIVE HETEROCHROMATIN

1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Ennis
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Chromosome Structure ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Chromosome Replication ◽  
Data Models ◽  
Late Replication ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Asynchronous Replication ◽  
Chilocorus Stigma

Chromosome replication has been analysed in four species of Chilocorus. In C. orbus Csy., C. tricyclus Smith, and C. hexacyclus Smith, centric regions of all chromosomes are last to replicate, preceded in order by heterochromatic arms and euchromatic arms. In C. stigma Say, very late replication of centric regions can be detected only in otherwise wholly euchromatic chromosomes (= monophasics); in chromosomes with one arm heterochromatic (= diphasics), these arms are last to replicate. Based on pachytene bivalent morphology and chromosome banding patterns, and supported by autoradiographic data, models are presented for the general organisation of Chilocorus chromosomes. All chromosomes in the first three species are subdivided into euchromatic arm, centric heterochromatin, and either a second euchromatic arm (monophasics) or a heterochromatic arm (diphasics). Chilocorus stigma diphasics apparently lack distinct centric organisation, and are therefore divided into euchromatic and heterochromatic arms only.

scholarly journals A Review of Plants Used in South African Traditional Medicine for the Management and Treatment of Hypertension

Planta Medica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (04) ◽  
pp. 312-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatai Balogun ◽  
Anofi Ashafa
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
South African ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Research Councils

AbstractSouth Africa contains 9% of the worldʼs higher plants, and despite its rich biodiversity, it has one of the highest prevalence of hypertension in Africa. This review provides information on medicinal plants embraced in South Africa for hypertension management, with the aim of reporting pharmacological information on the indigenous use of these plants as antihypertensives. This review not only focuses on the activity of antihypertensive medicinal plants but also reports some of its phytochemical constituents and other ethnopharmacological and therapeutic properties. Information obtained from scientific and or unpublished databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, SciFinder, JSTOR, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and various books revealed 117 documented antihypertensive plant species from 50 families. Interestingly, Asteraceae topped the list with 16 species, followed by Fabaceae with 8 species; however, only 25% of all plant species have demonstrated antihypertensive effects originating from both in vitro and in vivo studies, lending credence to their folkloric use. Only 11 plant species reportedly possess antihypertensive properties in animal models, with very few species subjected to analytical processes to reveal the identity of their bioactive antihypertensive compounds. In this review, we hope to encourage researchers and global research institutions (universities, agricultural research councils, and medical research councils), particularly those showing an interest in natural products, for the need for concerted efforts to undertake more studies aimed at revealing the untapped potential of these plants. These studies are very important for the development of new pharmaceuticals of natural origin useful for the management of hypertension.

scholarly journals The inventory of vegetation cover of small river valleys in the north-east of the Samara Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
Vera Valentinovna Solovieva
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Small River ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Right ◽  
River Valleys

The study covered 10 small rivers in the North-Eastern part of the Samara Volga region. The author studied the vegetation cover, which is understood as a set of phytocoenoses and their constituent plant species. On the territory of Pokhvistnevsky District, there are two groups of river valleys that are heterogeneous in geobotanical terms. The first group includes the rivers with forested valleys (Kutlugush, Murakla, Karmalka). Their slopes are more or less symmetrical and steep. The vegetation cover of an undeveloped floodplain is usually uniform, and there is usually no belt. The valleys of the second group are treeless; their slopes are sharply asymmetrical (Amanak, Tergala, Talkish). The right-bank tributary of the Maly Kinel River the Lozovka River with its length of 20 km and the left tributary Kuvayka River with its length of 16 km were studied on the territory of Kinel-Cherkassky District. The Padovka and Zaprudka rivers and the right tributaries of the Bolshoi Kinel River (Kinelsky District) were also studied. The most common associations are (Salix fragilis heteroherbosa, Scirpus sylvaticus purum, Agrostis stolonifera Amoria repens, Elytrigia repens + Poa angustifolia heteroherbosa). In total, 19 types of phytocoenoses were noted, 4 of them are found in half of the studied rivers. In the plant communities of small river valleys there are 232 species of higher wild plants, which belong to 139 genera from 48 families. This is 60% of the total number of higher plants registered in the flora of small river valleys of the Samara Region. Rare protected plant species are registered here: Adonis volgensis Steven ex DC., Cacalia hastata L., Delphinium cuneatum Stev. ex DC., Globularia punctata Lapeyr.

scholarly journals The Draft Genome Assembly of the Critically Endangered Nyssa yunnanensis, a Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations Endemic to Yunnan Province, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weixue Mu ◽  
Jinpu Wei ◽  
Ting Yang ◽  
Yannan Fan ◽  
Le Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Small Populations

Nyssa yunnanensis is a deciduous tree in family Nayssaceae within the order Cornales. As only 8 individuals in 2 sites recorded in Yunnan province of China, the species was listed as the China’s national grade-I protection species in 1999, and also as one of 120 PSESP(Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations) in Implementation Plan of Rescuing and Conserving China’s Plant Species with extremely Small Populations(PSESP) (2011-2-15). N. yunnanensis was also been evaluated as Critically Endangered in IUCN red list and Threatened Species List of China's Higher Plants. Hence understanding the genomic characteristics of this highly endangered Tertiary relict tree species is essential, especially for developing conservation strategies. Here we sequenced and annotated the genome of N. yunnanensis using 10X genomics linked-reads sequencing data. The de novo assembled genome is 1474Mb in length with a scaffold N50 length of 985.59kb. We identified 823.51Mb of non-redundant sequence as repetitive elements and annotated 39,803 protein-coding genes in the assembly. Our result provided the genomic characteristics of N. yunnanensis, which will provide valuable resources for future genomic and evolutionary studies, especially for conservation biology studies of this extremely threatened tree species.

scholarly journals Epimutations are associated with CHROMOMETHYLASE 3-induced de novo DNA methylation

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jered M Wendte ◽  
Yinwen Zhang ◽  
Lexiang Ji ◽  
Xiuling Shi ◽  
Rashmi R Hazarika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Gene Body ◽  
Gene Body Methylation ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Flowering Plant Species

In many plant species, a subset of transcribed genes are characterized by strictly CG-context DNA methylation, referred to as gene body methylation (gbM). The mechanisms that establish gbM are unclear, yet flowering plant species naturally without gbM lack the DNA methyltransferase, CMT3, which maintains CHG (H = A, C, or T) and not CG methylation at constitutive heterochromatin. Here, we identify the mechanistic basis for gbM establishment by expressing CMT3 in a species naturally lacking CMT3. CMT3 expression reconstituted gbM through a progression of de novo CHG methylation on expressed genes, followed by the accumulation of CG methylation that could be inherited even following loss of the CMT3 transgene. Thus, gbM likely originates from the simultaneous targeting of loci by pathways that promote euchromatin and heterochromatin, which primes genes for the formation of stably inherited epimutations in the form of CG DNA methylation.

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