Survival, Distribution, and Ion Composition in Two Strains of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Fry after Exposure to Episodic pH Depressions in an Adirondack Lake

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 792-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry K. Van Offelen ◽  
Charles C. Krueger ◽  
Carl L. Schofield ◽  
Chris Keleher
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Ion Composition ◽  
Survival Distribution ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Random Distributions ◽  
Spring Snowmelt

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) fry are susceptible to high mortality in acidified waters because of their low tolerance to acidic conditions and the potential occurrence of this life stage with episodic acidification associated with snowmelt. Prior to snowmelt, equal numbers of Assinica and Temiscamie strain fry were placed into enclosures. Twelve days after stocking, no consistent differences between strains were observed in survival, distribution, or ion composition. No fry of either strain survived in enclosures placed in shallow water (pH 4.8; 0.7 m depth). Fifty to 100% of fry of both strains survived in enclosures placed in deep water (pH 6.3; > 2.0 m depth). Fry survival in long enclosures that extended from shallow to deep water was 80–99%. Within long enclosures, both strains were recovered in higher densities from middle and deep sections of the enclosures than from shallow sections. High fry survival and non-random distributions in the long enclosures indicated that both strains were able to avoid lethal, nearshore waters during spring snowmelt by moving to deeper water.

Effects of pH, Aluminum, and Calcium on Survival and Growth of Eggs and Fry of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1580-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
C G. Ingersoll ◽  
D. R. Mount ◽  
D. D. Gulley ◽  
T. W. La Point ◽  
H. L. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Life Stage Sensitivity ◽  
Acid Toxicity

Freshly fertilized eggs, eyed eggs, yolk-sac fry, and swim-up fry of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to a matrix of 84 combinations of pH (4.0–6.5), aluminum (0–1000 μg/L), and calcium (0.5–8.0 mg/L) in 21–91-d experiments. The response to pH, aluminum, and calcium exposure was dependent on life stage. Sensitivity to acid toxicity generally decreased with age (freshly fertilized eggs>eyed eggs>yolk-sac fry = swim-up fry). Survival or hatching of freshly fertilized and eyed eggs decreased at pH 5.2 and below, whereas survival of yolk-sac and swim-up fry was reduced at pH 4.4–4.0. Sensitivity to aluminum toxicity generally increased with age (freshly fertilized eggs = eyed eggs<yolk-sac fry<swim-up fry). At low pH, survival of freshly fertilized and eyed eggs increased with exposure to increasing aluminum concentrations, in contrast, elevated aluminum [Formula: see text] was often toxic to fry. Increasing calcium was beneficial to all life stages, although the magnitude of this benefit depended on life stage and on the specific pH and aluminum concentration. Survival after previous exposure to toxic combinations of pH, aluminum, and calcium generally improved during a post-exposure recovery period at pH 6.5. However, increased mortality in many exposure combinations did not begin until this recovery period.

Seasonal Depth Distributions of Landlocked Atlantic Salmon, Brook Trout, Landlocked Alewives, and American Smelt in a Small Lake

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1656-1661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Lackey
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Osmerus Mordax ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Lake Bottom ◽  
Depth Distributions

Seasonal depth distributions of landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), landlocked alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus), and American smelt (Osmerus mordax) were determined monthly in Echo Lake, Maine, using vertical and horizontal gillnets.Salmon were wide-ranging fish, but generally not captured in very shallow or very deep water. Brook trout were primarily an inshore species, not often captured in water deeper than 25 ft, and nearly always found close to the lake bottom. The majority of captured alewives were taken from shallow to middepths (0–30 ft) in summer and fall and in deep water during winter and spring. Smelts were widely distributed, but the majority were captured in water deeper than 30 ft every month.No clear temperature or dissolved oxygen preference could be shown for any of the four species.

Effects of Aluminum and Low pH on Net Ion Fluxes and Ion Balance in the Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1563-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Booth ◽  
D. G. McDonald ◽  
B. P. Simons ◽  
C. M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Ph Dependent ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Stimulation Of

Adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed for up to 11 d to one of a matrix of 18 Al, low pH, and Ca2+ combinations, chosen as representive of acidified softwater environments in the wild. Reduction in water pH led to pH-dependent net losses of Na+ and Cl− exacerbated by the presence of Al in the water and reduced by elevating Ca2+. Any animal losing more than 4% of its total body Na+ over the first 24 h of Al exposure had a greater than 90% likelihood of eventual mortality. Na+ losses arose from inhibition of influx and stimulation of efflux. The inhibition was persistent and pH dependent. Addition of Al to acidified water had a slight further inhibitory effect on Na+ influx and a large stimulatory effect on efflux. The latter was dependent on Al concentration, was the main cause of initial ion losses and mortality, and declined with time in surviving animals. All Al-exposed fish accumulated Al on their gills, but this was apparently mainly surface or subsurface bound, since no internal Al (plasma or liver) could be detected. Nonsurviving fish had substantially higher gill Al levels than survivors.

Comparison of Continuous and Episodic Exposure to Acidic, Aluminum-Contaminated Waters of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 2036-2040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisbeth K. Siddens ◽  
Wayne K. Seim ◽  
Lawrence R. Curtis ◽  
Gary A. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Ambient Condition ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Cumulative Mortality ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Contaminated Waters

This study demonstrated that repetitive, intermittent exposures to aluminum (Al) under acidic conditions produced greater cumulative mortality and lower growth rates of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) than would be extrapolated from continuous exposure experiments. During a 24-d study, exposures were at pH 4.4 or 4.9 with 0.2––1.2 mg Al∙L−1. Data were analyzed based on peak and 24-d mean Al concentrations of continuous and intermittent (2-d toxicant, 4-d ambient condition cycle) exposures. Survival was lower in groups exposed to at pH 4.9 than those at 4.4 when intermittently exposed but not when continuously exposed. Growth rates were less for fish continuously exposed at pH 4.4 compared with those at pH 4.9, while intermittent exposures to Al acidity alone did not affect growth. Fish intermittently exposed to Al at pH 4.4 grew faster than those at pH 4.9, indicating greater Al toxicity at the higher pH.

Toxicity of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to early life stage brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) following parental dietary exposure

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 2408-2421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney D. Johnson ◽  
Joseph E. Tietge ◽  
Kathleen M. Jensen ◽  
Joseph D. Fernandez ◽  
Ann L. Linnum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Tetrachlorodibenzo P Dioxin

Epidermal Response to pH, Aluminum, and Calcium Exposure in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Fry

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1616-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Ingersoll ◽  
D. A. Sanchez ◽  
J. S. Meyer ◽  
D. D. Gulley ◽  
J. E. Tietge
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Mucous Cell ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Cell Hyperplasia ◽  
Microscopy Image ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Microscopy Image Analysis ◽  
Extended Exposure

Eyed brook trout eggs were exposed to various combinations of pH (4.3–6.3), aluminum (0–1000 μg/L), and calcium (0.5 to 8.0 mg/L) for 40 d through hatching until the swim-up life stage. High resolution light microscopy, image analysis, and stereological techniques were used to quantitatively determine morphological changes in the epidermis of fry surviving this exposure. Exposure to increased acidity resulted in both mucous cell hypertrophy (increase in size) and hyperplasia (increase in number); exposure to low calcium resulted in mucous cell hyperplasia. Aluminum did not significantly affect mucous cell size or number. Epidermal thickness was not consistently affected by exposure to pH, aluminum, or calcium. The changes observed in epidermal mucous cells may be a compensatory mechanism used by brook trout fry to counter ionoregulatory stress resulting from extended exposure to acidic conditions.

Concentrations of nucleic acids and protein as indices of nutritional status for recently emerged brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 848-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. McLaughlin ◽  
Moira M. Ferguson ◽  
David L. G. Noakes
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Wild Trout ◽  
Rna And Dna

We examined whether concentrations of nucleic acids and protein sampled from muscle tissue were useful indicators of nutritional status for recently emerged brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Trout collected from the field were maintained in the laboratory under two food treatments: fed versus food deprived. Concentrations of RNA and DNA, and RNA/DNA ratio did not differ significantly between fed and food-deprived trout, but fed trout had higher concentrations of protein and were 20% heavier at a given fork length than food-deprived trout. Wild trout fed in the laboratory had lower concentrations of RNA, DNA, and protein, and lower RNA/DNA ratios than did trout in the field, but were significantly heavier for their fork length. Tissue concentrations of protein may provide an index of nutritional status for recently emerged brook trout while concentrations of nucleic acids apparently do not. It is important to ensure that concentrations of nucleic acids and protein reflect nutritional status adequately for the species and life stage of interest before using these indices to assess the condition of fish in the field.

Blood Gases, Acid–Base Status, Ions, and Hematology in Adult Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) under Acid/Aluminum Exposure

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1575-1586 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Wood ◽  
R. C. Playle ◽  
B. P. Simons ◽  
G. G. Goss ◽  
D. G. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Aluminum Exposure ◽  
Moderate Disturbance ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Flow Through

The relative importance of ionoregulatory and respiratory disturbances in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) under acid/Al stress in soft water is dependent upon water pH and Ca2+ levels. Trout acclimated to Ca2+ = 25 or 400 μequiv/L were fitted with arterial catheters and exposed to acid/Al for 10 d under flow-through conditions. Parameters monitored included pHa, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], HCO3−, ΔH+m, Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca2+, protein, lactate, glucose, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Exposure to pH = 4.8 (no Al) at Ca2+ = 25 μequiv/L caused no mortality and negligible physiological disturbance. Addition of Al (333 μg/L or 12.3 μmol/L) resulted in >80% mortality (LT50 = 39.0 h) preceded by a marked decrease of plasma Na+ and Cl−, a moderate disturbance of blood gases, but no acidosis. At higher Ca2+ (400 μequiv/L), this same exposure (pH = 4.8, Al = 333 μg/L) caused similar mortality (LT50 = 38.5 h) but smaller ionic disturbances, much larger decreases in blood O2, increases in blood CO2, and respiratory acidosis. Exposure to pH = 4.4 (no Al) at Ca2+ = 25 μequiv/L caused 60% mortality (LT50 = 170.0) preceded by marked ionic disturbances and metabolic acidosis, but little change in blood gases. Addition of Al (333 μg/L) increased mortality to >80% (LT50 = 78.2 h) with smaller ionic but greater respiratory disturbances.

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