Blood Gases, Acid–Base Status, Ions, and Hematology in Adult Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) under Acid/Aluminum Exposure

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1575-1586 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Wood ◽  
R. C. Playle ◽  
B. P. Simons ◽  
G. G. Goss ◽  
D. G. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Aluminum Exposure ◽  
Moderate Disturbance ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Flow Through

The relative importance of ionoregulatory and respiratory disturbances in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) under acid/Al stress in soft water is dependent upon water pH and Ca2+ levels. Trout acclimated to Ca2+ = 25 or 400 μequiv/L were fitted with arterial catheters and exposed to acid/Al for 10 d under flow-through conditions. Parameters monitored included pHa, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], HCO3−, ΔH+m, Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca2+, protein, lactate, glucose, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Exposure to pH = 4.8 (no Al) at Ca2+ = 25 μequiv/L caused no mortality and negligible physiological disturbance. Addition of Al (333 μg/L or 12.3 μmol/L) resulted in >80% mortality (LT50 = 39.0 h) preceded by a marked decrease of plasma Na+ and Cl−, a moderate disturbance of blood gases, but no acidosis. At higher Ca2+ (400 μequiv/L), this same exposure (pH = 4.8, Al = 333 μg/L) caused similar mortality (LT50 = 38.5 h) but smaller ionic disturbances, much larger decreases in blood O2, increases in blood CO2, and respiratory acidosis. Exposure to pH = 4.4 (no Al) at Ca2+ = 25 μequiv/L caused 60% mortality (LT50 = 170.0) preceded by marked ionic disturbances and metabolic acidosis, but little change in blood gases. Addition of Al (333 μg/L) increased mortality to >80% (LT50 = 78.2 h) with smaller ionic but greater respiratory disturbances.

Parasite-induced susceptibility to predation in diplostomiasis

Parasitology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Brassard ◽  
M. E. Rau ◽  
M. A. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Induced Susceptibility ◽  
Diplostomum Spathaceum

Guppies (Lebistes reticulatis) exposed to doses as low as 25 cercariae of Diplostomum spathaceum for 30 min were consistently and significantly more susceptible to predation by brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) than uninfected controls. The increase in susceptibility to predation was correlated with a marked decrease in the activity of infected fish.

Anesthetic effects on liver and muscle glycogen concentrations: rest and postexercise

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 2895-2900 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. I. Musch ◽  
B. S. Warfel ◽  
R. L. Moore ◽  
D. R. Larach
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Lactate ◽  
Arterial Pco2 ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles

We compared the effects of three different anesthetics (halothane, ketamine-xylazine, and diethyl ether) on arterial blood gases, acid-base status, and tissue glycogen concentrations in rats subjected to 20 min of rest or treadmill exercise (10% grade, 28 m/min). Results demonstrated that exercise produced significant increases in arterial lactate concentrations along with reductions in arterial Pco2 (PaCO2) and bicarbonate concentrations in all rats compared with resting values. Furthermore, exercise produced significant reductions in the glycogen concentrations in the liver and soleus and plantaris muscles, whereas the glycogen concentrations found in the diaphragm and white gastrocnemius muscles were similar to those found at rest. Rats that received halothane and ketamine-xylazine anesthesia demonstrated an increase in Paco2 and a respiratory acidosis compared with rats that received either anesthesia. These differences in arterial blood gases and acid-base status did not appear to have any effect on tissue glycogen concentrations, because the glycogen contents found in liver and different skeletal muscles were similar to one another cross all three anesthetic groups. These data suggest that even though halothane and ketamine-xylazine anesthesia will produce a significant amount of ventilatory depression in the rat, both anesthetics may be used in studies where changes in tissue glycogen concentrations are being measured and where adequate general anesthesia is required.

scholarly journals Captan Toxicity to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus), and Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1811-1817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger O. Hermanutz ◽  
Leonard H. Mueller ◽  
Kenneth D. Kempfert
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The toxic effects of captan on survival, growth, and reproduction of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and on survival of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were determined in a flow-through system. In a 45-week exposure of fathead minnows, survival and growth were adversely affected at 39.5 μg/liter. Adverse effects on spawning were suspected but not statistically demonstrated at 39.5 and 16.5 μg/liter. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC), based on survival and growth, lies between 39.5 and 16.5 μg/liter. The lethal threshold concentration (LTC) derived from acute exposures was 64 μg/liter, resulting in an application factor (MATC/LTC) between 0.26 and 0.62. LTC values for the bluegill and brook trout were 72 and 29 μg/liter, respectively. The estimated MATC is between 44.6 and 18.7 μg/liter for the bluegill and between 18.0 and 7.5 μg/liter for the brook trout.The half-life of captan in Lake Superior water with a pH of 7.6 is about 7 hr at 12 C and about 1 hr at 25 C. Breakdown products from an initial 550 μg/liter of captan were not lethal to 3-month-old fathead minnows.

Effects of Aluminum and Low pH on Net Ion Fluxes and Ion Balance in the Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1563-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Booth ◽  
D. G. McDonald ◽  
B. P. Simons ◽  
C. M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Ph Dependent ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Stimulation Of

Adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed for up to 11 d to one of a matrix of 18 Al, low pH, and Ca2+ combinations, chosen as representive of acidified softwater environments in the wild. Reduction in water pH led to pH-dependent net losses of Na+ and Cl− exacerbated by the presence of Al in the water and reduced by elevating Ca2+. Any animal losing more than 4% of its total body Na+ over the first 24 h of Al exposure had a greater than 90% likelihood of eventual mortality. Na+ losses arose from inhibition of influx and stimulation of efflux. The inhibition was persistent and pH dependent. Addition of Al to acidified water had a slight further inhibitory effect on Na+ influx and a large stimulatory effect on efflux. The latter was dependent on Al concentration, was the main cause of initial ion losses and mortality, and declined with time in surviving animals. All Al-exposed fish accumulated Al on their gills, but this was apparently mainly surface or subsurface bound, since no internal Al (plasma or liver) could be detected. Nonsurviving fish had substantially higher gill Al levels than survivors.

Effects of Low pH and Aluminum on Ventilation in the Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1614-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L Walker ◽  
C. M. Wood ◽  
H. L. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Mucus Production ◽  
Acid Ph ◽  
Arterial Ph ◽  
Acid Base Status

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) (acclimated to pH = 6.5, Ca2+ = 400 μequiv∙L−1), when exposed to acid (pH = 4.8, Ca2+ = 400 μequiv∙L−1) and Al (333 μg∙L−1), responded with a twofold increase in ventilation volume within the first 4 h of the challenge period (100 h). Increased ventilation stroke volume accounted for most of the change in ventilatory response; rate increased slightly. Although ventilation volume returned to prechallenge values by 6 h, coughing (flow reversal) and increased mucus production at the gills were notable throughout the challenge period. There were no significant changes in oxygen consumption or [Formula: see text], but hemoglobin oxygen content (micromoles per gram of hemoglobin) decreased by 20%. Arterial pH decreased as a result of both respiratory and metabolic disturbances. Exposure to acid (pH = 4.8, Ca2+ = 400 μequiv∙L−1) in the absence of Al resulted in similar initial changes in ventilation and blood acid–base status; however, ventilation remained elevated above the prechallenge values throughout the experiment (24 h). The transient increase and subsequent return of ventilation to prechallenge levels in the acid/Al-exposed fish suggests that Al interfered with the mechanism controlling the ventilatory response.

Toxaphene Effects on Growth and Development of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 609-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Mehrle ◽  
Foster L. Mayer Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus

Twenty-two days before hatching, eyed eggs of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were placed in a flow-through system and continuously exposed to toxaphene (0, 39, 68, 139, 288, and 502 ng/liter) until they hatched and the resulting fry were exposed for a further 90 days. Hatchability was not affected by toxaphene, but all of the fry exposed to 502 and 288 ng/liter of toxaphene died by 30 and 60 days after hatch, respectively. Growth of fry was significantly depressed at the 139 and 288 ng/liter concentrations 30 days after hatch and at all concentrations after 60 and 90 days of toxaphene exposure.Whole body collagen of fry, as estimated by hydroxyproline, was significantly decreased in the four higher concentrations of toxaphene within 7–15 days after hatch. Backbone collagen was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in 30-, 60-, and 90-day-old fry exposed to toxaphene, whereas calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the backbone were increased (P < 0.05). The mineral: collagen ratio was significantly increased by toxaphene. The whole body collagen of sac-fry was a good predictor of later growth and development of brook trout.

Physiological Evidence of Acclimation to Acid/Aluminum Stress in Adult Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). 1. Blood Composition and Net Sodium Fluxes

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1587-1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Wood ◽  
D. G. McDonald ◽  
C. E. Booth ◽  
B. P. Simons ◽  
C. G. Ingersoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Prior Exposure ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Aluminum Stress ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Flow Through

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) adapt to chronic sublethal acid/Al stress. The accompanying acclimation confers greater resistance to short-term increases in Al and acidity. Adult trout were exposed in flowing soft water to eight combinations of pH (6.5, 5.2) × Ca2+ (25, 400 μequiv/L) × Al (0, 75, 150 μg/L = 0, 2.8, 5.6 μmol/L). After 10 wk, blood sampling by caudal puncture revealed no significant variations in osmolality, plasma protein, or hemoglobin and only minor differences [Formula: see text] in plasma Na+ and Cl−. Overall, most electrolytes were higher in fish exposed to higher water Al and/or Ca2+; only plasma Ca2+ was directly depressed by low pH. Hematocrit was raised by both low pH and elevated Al. When trout naive to both acid and Al were challenged with pH = 4.8, Al = 333 μg/L under flow-through conditions, there were large negative whole-body Na+ fluxes and marked depressions of plasma Na+ and Cl−, hemoconcentration, and substantial mortality over 48 h. Prior exposure for 10 wk to pH = 5.2 plus either 75 or 150 μg Al/L prevented mortality and ameliorated or abolished these effects through a more rapid recovery of net Na+ balance. Prior exposure to pH = 5.2 alone ameliorated these effects only slightly.

Blood Acid-Base Balance in Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis)

1979 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
RANDALL K. PACKER ◽  
ARTHUR L. SUNKIN
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Aortic Cannula

A nomogram is presented which allows the rapid assessment of acid-base status in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill) at 18 °C. Due to a PCO2 of 3.5-4.3 mmHg in the respirometer water, the fish from which data were obtained for determination of zero base excess values were suffering from slight respiratory acidosis. Trauma of surgery and anaesthetization as well as confinement in the respirometer might also have generated a slight metabolic acidosis. Base excess values for trout with a chronically implanted dorsal aortic cannula ranged from −3 to +3 m-equiv/l. Blood buffer values of d[HCO3−]/dpH = 7.50 ± 4.42 slykes and -d log10PCOCO2/d pH = 1.31 ± 0.14 were found. Mean plasma protein concentration was 3.6 ± 0.8 g/100 ml plasma and the buffering power of plasma was approximately 40% that of whole blood. Plasma proteins are more important blood buffers in fish than in humans.

Physiological Evidence of Acclimation to Acid/Aluminum Stress in Adult Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). 2. Blood Parameters by Cannulation

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1597-1605 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Wood ◽  
B. P. Simons ◽  
D. R. Mount ◽  
H. L. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Aluminum Stress ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Indwelling Catheter ◽  
Acid Ph ◽  
Arterial Blood

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) exposed for 10 wk to sublethal acid (pH = 5.2) plus Al (150 μg/L) in flowing soft water (Ca2+ = 25 μequiv/L) did not exhibit chronic respiratory disturbance or elevated stress indices, as revealed by sampling of arterial blood gases, acid–base status, glucose, and cortisol via an indwelling catheter. Acclimation occurred, which prevented mortality and greatly attenuated the disturbances of respiratory, acid–base, and stress parameters normally seen upon challenge with more severe acid (pH = 4.8) plus Al conditions (333 μg/L} for 3 d. Ionoregulatory, fluid volume, and hematological disturbances were similarly reduced. Higher water Ca2+ (400 μequiv/L) slightly delayed but did not prevent this suite of toxic responses in naive fish. These disturbances did not occur in naive fish challenged with acid alone (pH = 4.8). However, long-term adaptation to acid alone (pH = 5.2) resulted in elevated glucose and cortisol levels and offered no protection against the more severe acid plus Al challenge. Thus the acclimation was to Al rather than to acidity itself, and low levels of Al may be beneficial to fish under chronic acid stress.

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