Open-Water Movements of the Cutthroat Trout (Salmo clarki) in Yellowstone Lake After Displacement from Spawning Streams

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1475-1485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence A. Jahn
Keyword(s):  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Surface Currents ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Release Point ◽  
Yellowstone Lake ◽  
Random Movement ◽  
Directional Preference ◽  
Salmo Clarki ◽  
Spawning Streams

Cutthroat trout were taken from their spawning streams (June–August 1964 and 1965). A Styrofoam float was attached and fish were tracked from two release points. They moved generally shoreward (eastward). Of 120 fish tracked when the sun was visible, 68% went toward shore, 19% went away from shore, 4% showed random movement, and 8% were lost. Of 20 fish released when the sun was obscured, 30% went toward shore, 30% went away from shore, 30% showed random movement, and 10% were lost. Movement toward the eastern shoreline was less pronounced for fish liberated at a mid-lake release point. No directional preference was shown with respect to surface currents. There was no evidence that specific landmarks were used for orientation, but the sun may have served as a reference point since fish traveled farther and showed a stronger shoreward tendency on sunny days.

Ultrasonic Tracking of Homing Cutthroat Trout (Salmo clarki) in Yellowstone Lake

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. McCleave ◽  
Ross M. Horrall
Keyword(s):  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yellowstone Lake ◽  
True Navigation ◽  
Ultrasonic Tracking ◽  
Spawning Tributaries ◽  
Salmo Clarki ◽  
Water Speed

Displacement of 42 mature cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) from their spawning tributaries to the open water of Yellowstone Lake in the summers of 1966 and 1968 and following them ultrasonically up to 13.5 hr and 11.8 km indicated that those that homed used a compass mechanism rather than search or true navigation to find shore and then followed the shoreline to the home stream. Vision was unnecessary for homing. For many of the fish whose movements showed no consistent pattern, the transmitters failed prematurely.Of 29 nonanesthetized trout tracked from a point northwest of their home streams, six moved generally eastward to shallow water, turned south, and followed the shoreline toward the home streams, three being followed all the way home. Six moved generally south or southeast and progressed toward their home streams entirely in open water, one being followed home. Three moved inappropriately for homing but were less than 2 km from the release point when tracking was ended. Fourteen moved randomly or did not move enough or were not tracked long enough to establish a pattern.Of five anesthetized-blinded trout, two moved eastward and then south along the shoreline, one moved south in open water, and the other two did not show a consistent pattern. Of four anesthetized-control trout, two moved eastward and then south along shore, one being followed home; one moved inappropriately and the other did not establish a pattern.Of four nonanesthetized trout tracked from a point southwest of their home stream, three moved east and then north along shore toward the home stream, one being followed home; the fourth moved north in open water.Current directions may have influenced the initial orientations.Swimming speeds ranged from 0.0 to 46.2 cm sec−1 in open water and from 8.5 to 82.3 cm sec−1 along shore. Average along-shore speed (36.6 cm sec−1) was greater than average open-water speed (22.9 cm sec−1). Blinded trout swam at about the same speeds (average 22.6 cm sec−1) as control trout (average 27.0 cm sec−1) and nonanesthetized trout (average 23.3 cm sec−1).

scholarly journals Movements and Homing of Cutthroat Trout (Salmo clarki) from Open-Water Areas of Yellowstone Lake

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1243-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence A. Jahn
Keyword(s):  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Open Water ◽  
East Side ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
The West ◽  
Yellowstone Lake ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Control ◽  
Spawning Tributaries ◽  
Salmo Clarki

Cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) showed in-season homing after displacement from their spawning tributaries to Yellowstone Lake during June–August 1966 and 1967. Of 300 nonanesthetized trout tagged and displaced from Clear and Cub creeks to three release points (0.5–22.0 km) in the lake and to the mouth of Clear Creek, 38.3% homed, 10.0% strayed, 2.7% were caught by anglers, and the remainder were unaccounted for. Anosmic (olfactory chambers plugged) and blind-anosmic fish homed in significantly lower percentages than nonanesthetized and control groups. Fish released just outside the mouth of the homestream had the shortest average homing time, but the average homing time for fish displaced 22.0 km from the homestream was shorter than for those displaced 5.0 km away. Homing percentages for trout tagged after being tracked individually in the open lake were similar to those for trout in the group tagging experiments, but the former had longer average homing times than the latter.The directions of orientation of fish tracked in open water were generally toward the homestream, the directions usually coinciding with those of the sun azimuth. However, fish taken from the east side of the lake went west-northwest when tracked late in the afternoon and fish taken from the west side of the lake went east-southeast when tracked in the morning, these directions being away from those of the homestreams. Orientation was affected by current. Mean directions for males and females were generally not significantly different. Average swimming speeds and vector lengths for males and females were about the same. Immature cutthroat trout were trained to use a light source as a reference point for orientation.

scholarly journals Homing and Orientation of Cutthroat Trout (Salmo clarki) in Yellowstone Lake, with Special Reference to Olfaction and Vision

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 2011-2044 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. McCleave
Keyword(s):  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Yellowstone Lake ◽  
Water Point ◽  
Homing Performance ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli ◽  
One Year ◽  
Spawning Tributaries ◽  
Visual Clues ◽  
Salmo Clarki

In-season homing was exhibited by mature cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) displaced from spawning tributaries to Yellowstone Lake during late May to early August 1964, 1965, and 1966. Of 1908 trout tagged and displaced from Clear and Cub creeks to three release points in the lake (1.55–7.95 km) and to the mouths of the streams, 614 (32.2%) homed, 119 (6.2%) strayed, and 28 (1.5%) were captured by anglers. Only slight differences in homing performance from various release points occurred, but there were differences among years and between streams. Adjusted mean homing times from the various release points ranged from 16 hr to 155 hr, with an inverse relation between homing times and the distance to the release point apparent in one year. Blockage of the olfactory or visual sense did not affect the per cent of trout homing or straying. However, visual clues did increase the speed of homing, since homing times for blinded trout were much longer than for olfactory-occluded, control (anesthetized only), or non-anesthetized trout. A compass-type orientation occurred which was apparently not in response to visual or olfactory stimuli. A general east-northeastward (Clear and Pelican Creek trout) or northward (Cub Creek trout) orientation was exhibited by blind, anosmic, control, and non-anesthetized trout that were float-tracked from an open-water point. Blind and anosmic trout oriented as well as control trout. The directions of orientation were not in the directions of the home-streams, and orientation was not at a constant angle to the current directions or the sun azimuths.

Open-Water Orientation of White Bass, Roccus chrysops, as Determined by Ultrasonic Tracking Methods

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2173-2192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur D. Hasler ◽  
Edward S. Gardella ◽  
Ross M. Horrall ◽  
H. Francis Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Open Water ◽  
Release Point ◽  
White Bass ◽  
Water Currents ◽  
Lake Mendota ◽  
Homing Performance ◽  
Directional Preference ◽  
Tracking Time ◽  
Ultrasonic Tracking ◽  
Passive Drift

In the spring and summer of 1965, 26 white bass, Roccus chrysops (Rafinesque), were displaced to open water on Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, and their paths traced by means of ultrasonic transmitters carried in the stomachs of the fish and receiving gear located on boats. Seventeen fish captured by fyke nets on their spawning ground were displaced 1.6 km west-southwest to a mid lake release point. Two months after the spawning season nine fish, captured by hook-and-line, were displaced 3.1 km east-northeast from their capture area to the same release point. The mean tracking time for all 26 fish was 7.31 hr.Both the spawning and nonspawning fish maintained steady courses over long distances, and both groups showed a distinct directional preference for the eastern half of the lake where the spawning grounds are located. This open-water orientation helps explain the rapid homing performance, observed in previous experiments, of displaced spawning white bass, and also demonstrates that white bass possess mechanisms for orienting to directional cues present in their natural environment.Water currents, wind-generated surface waves, and the sun were examined as possible directional cues used by the fish. Although there was some evidence supporting the use of each of these cues, the problem of orientation mechanisms remains obscure. It was determined, however, that the observed movements of the fish cannot be explained as simply passive drift by the water currents.

scholarly journals Diphyllobothrium cordiceps: A Tapeworm Problem in Yellowstone Lake Fishes New Investigations into the Life Cycle

1979 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 97-107
Author(s):  
Newton Kingston ◽  
Kenneth Diem ◽  
Douglas Mitchum
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
Yellowstone Lake ◽  
Northern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Salmo Clarki ◽  
Elk Lake

Diphyllobothrium cordiceps (Leidy, 1872) has been known from Yellowstone Lake fishes since 1872. Leidy described and named the species Dibothrium cordiceps from poorly preserved larval (plerocercoid) material collected from native trout, Salmo mykiss (= Salmo clarki) by members of the Hayden Expedition. The larval tapeworm has been reported only from cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki, brown trout, Salmo trutta, brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, and grayling, Thymallus arcticus, chiefly from Yellowstone Lake and adjacent waters in the northern Rocky Mountains. Simms and Shaw (1939), found cordiceps outside the Rocky Mountain area in brook trout from Elk Lake, western Deschutes County, Oregon.

scholarly journals Further Studies on Diphyllobothrium cordiceps in Yellowstone Lake

1980 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 116-118
Author(s):  
N. Kingston ◽  
D. Mitchum ◽  
K. Diem
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
Yellowstone Lake ◽  
Thymallus Arcticus ◽  
Salmo Clarki

The California gull Larus californicus, has been reported as a host for Diphyllobothrium cordiceps from cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki, (Post, 1971) . A comparison of development and of morphological forms of D. cordiceps in young gulls and hamsters which had previously been proven to be susceptible to infection was considered desirable. Previous experimental exposures of cutthroat trout and grayling, Thymallus arcticus, to plerocercoids naturally infected from cutthroat trout had given mixed results with transfer of plerocercoids from cutthroat to cutthroat but not from cutthroat to grayling (Kingston et al., 1980) though grayling have been cited as a natural host for the tapeworm (Post, 1971). Work in 1980 was directed towards the elucidation of these aspects of the life cycle of D. cordiceps.

Influences of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) on behaviour and reproduction of Yellowstone grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), 1975 – 1989

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 2072-2079 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Mattson ◽  
Daniel P. Reinhart
Keyword(s):  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Spawning Season ◽  
Grizzly Bears ◽  
Oncorhynchus Clarki ◽  
Grizzly Bear ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Yellowstone Lake ◽  
Intraspecific Predation ◽  
Spawning Streams

We investigated the distribution, diet, and reproduction of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Yellowstone ecosystem that fed on cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) spawning in streams tributary to Yellowstone Lake. We hypothesized that availability of trout influenced all of these factors for bears in a large part of the Yellowstone grizzly bear recovery area. Depending upon sex, bears that fed on trout used 30–45% of the recovery area. These bears concentrated within 12 km of spawning streams year-round and within 2 km of streams during the spawning season, 1 May – 15 July, when trout-eating bears mostly consumed trout. Despite use of this high-quality food, trout-eating females were apparently less fecund than other females and lost a larger percentage of their dependent young. We speculate that these cub losses resulted from higher rates of intraspecific predation by bears aggregated at spawning streams. These aggregated bears were also vulnerable to human-caused mortality, most likely due to concentrations of humans within 2 km of spawning streams during the spawning season.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS HORMONES ON THE KIDNEY RESPIRATION RATES IN THE CUTTHROAT TROUT (SALMO CLARKI CLARKI)

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (III) ◽  
pp. 428-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Adaptive Mechanism ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Salmo Clarki

ABSTRACT Relatively large doses of vasopressin administered intraperitoneally to the trout significantly enhanced the kidney respiration rate. In contrast to vasopressin a single dose of oxytocin depressed the kidney Qo2 value. This depression continued throughout the observed 24 hour period after injection. Cortisol enhanced the kidney Qo2 values significantly and to a greater extent than vasopressin. These results are discussed in relation to possible adaptive mechanism in euryhaline species of teleosts.

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