Environmental factors affecting expression of resistance to pink snow mold caused by Microdochium nivale in winter wheat

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 1783-1788 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nakajima ◽  
J. Abe
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Microdochium Nivale ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Light Intensities

The effects of prehardening growth, cold-hardening temperatures, duration of cold hardening, light intensity, and light period during cold hardening on the development of resistance to Microdochium nivale in winter wheat were studied under controlled environment conditions. Resistance was expressed as the median lethal incubation days (LI50) measured by the optimum temperature inoculation method of T. Nakajima and J. Abe. Plant growth at 20:15 °C (light:dark) had the largest effect on augmenting resistance to M. nivale in winter wheat, but conditioning at low temperatures was essential for expression of resistance. Low temperature conditioning at 6–4 °C under low light intensities initiated a rapid development of M. nivale resistance; this process was slower at 4–12 °C. ‘PI 173438’, resistant to snow molds but not to low temperatures, required lower temperatures during cold hardening for full expression of resistance to M. nivale than ‘Nanbukomugi’, which was moderately resistant to snow molds and low temperatures. When conditioned at 2 °C, the plants subjected to the dark remained susceptible but developed resistance rapidly when exposed to low light intensities of 150 μmol ∙ m−2 ∙ s−1. Extending the light period from 8 to 16 h did not affect the expression of resistance to M. nivale. These results suggest that the pattern of development of snow mold resistance is substantively different from that involved in freezing tolerance, although both appear to be conditioned by low temperatures. Keywords: Monographella nivalis, Fusarium nivale, Triticum aestivum L., cold hardiness, snow mold, winter wheat.

COLD HARDENING AND COLD HARDINESS OF YOUNG WINTER RYE SEEDLINGS AS AFFECTED BY STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT AND TEMPERATURE

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
High Level ◽  
Two Stages

Young winter rye seedlings, grown and hardened at 1° or 1.5 °C in the dark, developed a high level of cold hardiness at two stages prior to emergence of the first leaf. The first maximum occurred when coleoptiles were less than about 1 mm in length and was followed by a decrease in hardiness. A second and higher maximum occurred when coleoptiles were about 15–30 mm in length (5 weeks at 1.5 °C; 7 weeks at 1 °C) and it was followed by a rapid decrease in hardiness beginning at about the time the leaf broke through the coleoptile. Genetic differences corresponding with those obtained in the field were established by hardening seedlings for 7 weeks at 1 °C and exposure to −15 °C for 16 hours or by hardening for 5 weeks at 1.5 °C and exposure to −14 °C for 16 hours. The use of a lower (−4 °C) hardening temperature resulted in a large increase in cold hardiness at the younger stages of development but little or no increase where seedlings had already reached a maximum of hardiness from exposure to 1.5 °C for 5 weeks. Satisfactory genetic differences were not determined by exposure to −14 °C for 16 hours after hardening at −4 °C. In general the response to hardening of young winter rye seedlings was similar to that found with winter wheat.

An apparent relationship of soluble sugars with hardiness in winter wheat varieties

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (19) ◽  
pp. 2198-2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Green ◽  
C. D. Ratzlaff
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Hardening Process ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars

Soluble carbohydrate patterns of two hardy winter wheat cultivars and two less hardy cultivars were compared during the cold-hardening process. Soluble carbohydrates increased in concentration as the seedlings developed and the cold-hardening process occurred. The largest soluble carbohydrate differentials between the hardy and less hardy winter wheat cultivars occurred in the sucrose and raffinose fractions. The accumulation of sucrose and raffinose in wheat growing at 7.2 °C–0.5 °C day–night was greater in the two less hardy winter wheat cultivars. An inverse relationship existed between soluble sugars and cold hardiness in the four cultivars studied.

scholarly journals A cold inducible multidomain cystatin from winter wheat inhibits growth of the snow mold fungus, Microdochium nivale

Planta ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 223 (6) ◽  
pp. 1207-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petya Koeva Christova ◽  
Nikolai Kirilov Christov ◽  
Ryozo Imai
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Microdochium Nivale ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Mold Fungus

THE RESPONSE OF FALL-SOWN CEREALS TO WINTER STRESSES IN EASTERN ONTARIO

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
M. K. POMEROY ◽  
W. L. SEAMAN
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Good Survival ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Eastern Ontario ◽  
Two Parameters

A study was made from 1979 to 1982 of the overwintering capacity of winter cereals at six sites in eastern Ontario outside the traditional winter wheat growing area. Cultivars of soft white, soft and hard red wheats, a rye and a triticale were compared for winter survival in the field, cold hardiness and ice tolerance of plants removed from the field in winter, and grain yield. Overall mean grain yield of four wheats was the equivalent of 3980 kg/ha with a high mean yield of Houser in 1982 of 5035 kg/ha. In 3 yr good survival and yields were obtained with a range of cultivars, while in the fourth year only the hardiest cultivars survived well at most sites. Survival was reduced at one site in all 4 yr by snow mold. There were significant cultivar × site interactions in winter survival in 3 of the 4 yr. Fall-developed cold hardiness showed significant differences between sites and between cultivars with site means ranging from LD50 values of −20.6 °C to −10.2 °C. There were major differences in cold hardiness and ice tolerance of field-grown plants of 23 cultivars at Ottawa in 1981, but correlations between the two parameters were not significant. Ice tolerance in winter 1982 showed significant differences between sites and between cultivars. Winter survival and cold hardiness were significantly correlated at two of the five sites in 1982 — the most stressful winter season. Overall, Norstar, the highest winter survivor of the wheats, was frequently the lowest yielder. The red wheats Lennox and Valor showed consistenty high cold hardiness and winter survival accompanied by good yields, while of the soft white wheats, Houser showed frequent superiority in cold hardiness, and inconsistent advantages in winter survival and yield.Key words: Wheat (winter), winter injury, survival, cold hardiness, ice

INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE CONTENT AND TEMPERATURE ON COLD-HARDINESS OF HIBERNATING INSECTS

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Salt
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Blood Density ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
The Relationship

Moisture content affected cold-hardiness, measured as ability to supercool, only to the extent that it affected the concentration of body fluids and hence their freezing points. Supercooling remained approximately constant in amount over a wide range of moisture conditions. Only when desiccation was severe did it produce appreciable cold-hardening. Chilling at constant low temperatures was effective in increasing the cold-hardiness of Bracon cephi (Gahan), ineffective in Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) and Cephus cinctus Nort., and of doubtful effect in Loxostege sticticalis (L.). The variable temperatures of the natural environment produced significant cold-hardening in all four species; occasional periods of developmental temperatures are considered more likely to be responsible than chilling. Blood density appeared to be related to cold-hardiness, but its ready response to other factors obscured the relationship.

Temperature and light effects on the growth of Potamogeton crispus in Collins Lake, New York State

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2822-2826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Tobiessen ◽  
Phillip D. Snow
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
New York State ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Potamogeton Crispus ◽  
Low Light ◽  
York State ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Light Effects ◽  
Lower Light

Potamogeton crispus, the curly leaved pondweed, was found to grow at low temperatures and very low light intensities: less than 1% of the surface irradiance. In both laboratory and lake studies, lower light intensities produced taller plants with fewer stems per propagule than plants grown at higher light intensities. Such a growth pattern may allow P. crispus to exist in deeper or less transparent water than other aquatic plants. Rapid growth in the early spring apparently permits P. crispus to become dominant while other possible competitors are still dormant.

Development of resistance to Microdochium nivale in winter wheat during autumn and decline of the resistance under snow

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1211-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nakajima ◽  
J. Abe
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Microdochium Nivale ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Food Reserves ◽  
Fusarium Nivale ◽  
Accumulated Degree Days

The effect of autumn climate on the development of resistance to pink snow mold (Microdochium nivale) in winter wheat was estimated in mid-December. Changes in resistance over time under snow cover were also determined. Resistance in December was closely correlated with the accumulated degree-days above 0 °C from sowing. The number of days of incubation at which 50% of the plants are killed (LI50) was lowest in the cool autumn in 1988 and highest in the warm autumn in 1989. Temperatures below 5 °C were also required for expression of resistance. Differences in LI50 between resistant and susceptible cultivars were most apparent in late autumn. Continuous snow cover was found to reduce resistance to pink snow mold. The rate of decline of the resistance in cv. Nanbukomugi during the winters under snow was lower than in cv. PI 173438 and cv. Kitakamikomugi. The resistance to pink snow mold was correlated with the amount of etiolated growth at 25 °C. This indicates that exhaustion of food reserves during prolonged snow cover predisposed wheat plants to snow mold diseases. Key words: pink snow mold, Fusarium nivale, Monographella nivalis, resistance progressive and degressive curves, Triticum aestivum L., field test.

The effect of CCC and gibberellins A3 and A7 on the cold hardiness of Kharkov 22 MC winter wheat

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 705-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Chlorocholine Chloride

Continuously feeding a suitable concentration (3 × 10−5 or 3 × 10−4 M) of chlorocholine chloride (CCC) through the roots of Kharkov 22 MC winter wheat grown at both hardening (4 to 6 °C) and non-hardening (21°) temperatures induced small increases in its cold hardiness. In plants grown at 21 °C supplying 3 × 10−3 M CCC reduced cold hardiness. Under hardening conditions gibberellins A3 and A7 and under non-hardening conditions gibberellin A3 reduced the cold hardiness of Kharkov 22 MC. CCC produced morphological changes in plants grown at 21 °C that partially duplicated those induced by growing the plants at 6 °C. In plants grown at 6 °C gibberellins A3 and A7 produced morphological changes that caused the plants to partially resemble those grown at 21 °C. These results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that one of the changes accompanying cold hardening in winter wheat is a reduction of the content of endogenous gibberellins. The conclusion is reached that if a reduction in gibberellin levels occurs it can only account for a part of the change in cold hardiness produced by natural hardening temperatures.

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