The effect of CCC and gibberellins A3 and A7 on the cold hardiness of Kharkov 22 MC winter wheat

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 705-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Chlorocholine Chloride

Continuously feeding a suitable concentration (3 × 10−5 or 3 × 10−4 M) of chlorocholine chloride (CCC) through the roots of Kharkov 22 MC winter wheat grown at both hardening (4 to 6 °C) and non-hardening (21°) temperatures induced small increases in its cold hardiness. In plants grown at 21 °C supplying 3 × 10−3 M CCC reduced cold hardiness. Under hardening conditions gibberellins A3 and A7 and under non-hardening conditions gibberellin A3 reduced the cold hardiness of Kharkov 22 MC. CCC produced morphological changes in plants grown at 21 °C that partially duplicated those induced by growing the plants at 6 °C. In plants grown at 6 °C gibberellins A3 and A7 produced morphological changes that caused the plants to partially resemble those grown at 21 °C. These results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that one of the changes accompanying cold hardening in winter wheat is a reduction of the content of endogenous gibberellins. The conclusion is reached that if a reduction in gibberellin levels occurs it can only account for a part of the change in cold hardiness produced by natural hardening temperatures.

COLD HARDENING AND COLD HARDINESS OF YOUNG WINTER RYE SEEDLINGS AS AFFECTED BY STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT AND TEMPERATURE

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
High Level ◽  
Two Stages

Young winter rye seedlings, grown and hardened at 1° or 1.5 °C in the dark, developed a high level of cold hardiness at two stages prior to emergence of the first leaf. The first maximum occurred when coleoptiles were less than about 1 mm in length and was followed by a decrease in hardiness. A second and higher maximum occurred when coleoptiles were about 15–30 mm in length (5 weeks at 1.5 °C; 7 weeks at 1 °C) and it was followed by a rapid decrease in hardiness beginning at about the time the leaf broke through the coleoptile. Genetic differences corresponding with those obtained in the field were established by hardening seedlings for 7 weeks at 1 °C and exposure to −15 °C for 16 hours or by hardening for 5 weeks at 1.5 °C and exposure to −14 °C for 16 hours. The use of a lower (−4 °C) hardening temperature resulted in a large increase in cold hardiness at the younger stages of development but little or no increase where seedlings had already reached a maximum of hardiness from exposure to 1.5 °C for 5 weeks. Satisfactory genetic differences were not determined by exposure to −14 °C for 16 hours after hardening at −4 °C. In general the response to hardening of young winter rye seedlings was similar to that found with winter wheat.

An apparent relationship of soluble sugars with hardiness in winter wheat varieties

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (19) ◽  
pp. 2198-2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Green ◽  
C. D. Ratzlaff
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Hardening Process ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars

Soluble carbohydrate patterns of two hardy winter wheat cultivars and two less hardy cultivars were compared during the cold-hardening process. Soluble carbohydrates increased in concentration as the seedlings developed and the cold-hardening process occurred. The largest soluble carbohydrate differentials between the hardy and less hardy winter wheat cultivars occurred in the sucrose and raffinose fractions. The accumulation of sucrose and raffinose in wheat growing at 7.2 °C–0.5 °C day–night was greater in the two less hardy winter wheat cultivars. An inverse relationship existed between soluble sugars and cold hardiness in the four cultivars studied.

EFFECT OF RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID ON COLD HARDINESS AND WINTERKILL OF OVERWINTERING WINTER WHEAT

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. THOMAS ◽  
R. A. BUTTS
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Russian Wheat Aphid ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Risk Of Fall ◽  
Cold Hardy

Russian wheat aphid (RWA) (Diruaphis noxia (Mordvilko)) is a new and cold-hardy pest of temperate cereals in western Canada. In view of the risk of fall infestation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), this study was made to establish whether feeding by RWA can interfere with cold hardening and plant survival of overwintering winter wheat. Feeding by RWA significantly increased the LT50 of field-hardened Norstar winter wheat by + 2 to + 4 °C. Application of 400 g (a.i.) ha−1 of the insecticide chlorpyrifos in mid-October to control severe RWA infestations in two different fields of Norstar winter wheat significantly improved winter survival of the crop. The pattern of winterkill within the two fields suggested that this protective effect of chlorpyrifos was greatest in areas where microtopography resulted in the least accumulations of snow and cold stress was most intense. It was concluded that heavy RWA infestation in the fall significantly reduced freezing tolerance of winter wheat and increased the likelihood of winterkilling of the crop by severe cold.Key words: Winter survival, cold hardening, Diuraphis noxia, insecticide, chlorpyrifos, Triticum aestivum, crop damage

Environmental factors affecting expression of resistance to pink snow mold caused by Microdochium nivale in winter wheat

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 1783-1788 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nakajima ◽  
J. Abe
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Microdochium Nivale ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Light Intensities

The effects of prehardening growth, cold-hardening temperatures, duration of cold hardening, light intensity, and light period during cold hardening on the development of resistance to Microdochium nivale in winter wheat were studied under controlled environment conditions. Resistance was expressed as the median lethal incubation days (LI50) measured by the optimum temperature inoculation method of T. Nakajima and J. Abe. Plant growth at 20:15 °C (light:dark) had the largest effect on augmenting resistance to M. nivale in winter wheat, but conditioning at low temperatures was essential for expression of resistance. Low temperature conditioning at 6–4 °C under low light intensities initiated a rapid development of M. nivale resistance; this process was slower at 4–12 °C. ‘PI 173438’, resistant to snow molds but not to low temperatures, required lower temperatures during cold hardening for full expression of resistance to M. nivale than ‘Nanbukomugi’, which was moderately resistant to snow molds and low temperatures. When conditioned at 2 °C, the plants subjected to the dark remained susceptible but developed resistance rapidly when exposed to low light intensities of 150 μmol ∙ m−2 ∙ s−1. Extending the light period from 8 to 16 h did not affect the expression of resistance to M. nivale. These results suggest that the pattern of development of snow mold resistance is substantively different from that involved in freezing tolerance, although both appear to be conditioned by low temperatures. Keywords: Monographella nivalis, Fusarium nivale, Triticum aestivum L., cold hardiness, snow mold, winter wheat.

Characterization of Photosynthesis in Cold Hardening Winter Wheat 1

Crop Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 535-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Barta ◽  
H. F. Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardening

CO2Exchange as Related to Sugar Accumulation and Invertase Activity during Winter Wheat Cold Hardening

2004 ◽  
Vol 398 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 379-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Klimov ◽  
I. M. Dubinina ◽  
E. A. Burakhanova ◽  
N. V. Astakhova ◽  
V. N. Popov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Sugar Accumulation

Cell-wall lectins during winter wheat cold hardening

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 746-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Garaeva ◽  
S. A. Pozdeeva ◽  
O. A. Timofeeva ◽  
L. P. Khokhlova
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardening

COLD HARDENING AND DEHARDENING RESPONSES IN WINTER WHEAT AND WINTER BARLEY

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. POMEROY ◽  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
G. FEDAK
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Time Required

Increasing the duration of freezing of Kharkov winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) demonstrated that severe injury does not occur to plants at a freezing temperature (−6 C) well above the lethal temperature for at least 5 days, but progressively more damage occurs as the temperature approaches the killing point (−20 C). High levels of cold hardiness can be induced rapidly in Kharkov winter wheat if seedlings are grown for 4–6 days at 15 C day/10 C night, prior to being exposed to hardening conditions including diurnal freezing to −2 C. The cold hardiness of Kharkov and Rideau winter wheat seedlings grown from 1-yr-old seed was greater than that from 5-yr-old seed. Cold-acclimated Kharkov winter wheat and Dover winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) demonstrated the capacity to reharden after varying periods under dehardening conditions. The time required to reharden and the maximum level of hardiness attained by the plants was dependent on the amount of dehardening. Considerable rehardening was observed even when both dehardening and rehardening were carried out in the dark.

EFFECTS OF IMAZALIL SEED TREATMENT ON SUBCROWN INTERNODE LENGTHS AND COLEOPTILE-NODE-TILLERING IN WHEAT

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1467-1472 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. F. CHINN ◽  
P. R. VERMA ◽  
D. T. SPURR
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Soft Or ◽  
Common Root ◽  
Common Root Rot ◽  
Treated Seed

The effects of seed treatment with imazalil at 0.2 and 0.3 g a.i./kg seed on subcrown internode length and occurrence of coleoptile-node-tillers (CNT) was studied in four spring wheat cultivars at two locations in Saskatchewan. Without treatment, Cypress had the longest internodes followed in descending order by Glenlea, Neepawa, and Wascana. Generally, plants from imazalil-treated seed had significantly shorter subcrown internodes. Only a few plants from nontreated seed produced CNT and of these, many were soft or aborted, while the treated seed produced a number of CNT and many of these were firm tillers. The possible importance of these morphological changes in the reduction of common root rot, on drought resistance, cold hardiness, and yield is discussed.

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