THE RESPONSE OF FALL-SOWN CEREALS TO WINTER STRESSES IN EASTERN ONTARIO

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
M. K. POMEROY ◽  
W. L. SEAMAN
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Good Survival ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Eastern Ontario ◽  
Two Parameters

A study was made from 1979 to 1982 of the overwintering capacity of winter cereals at six sites in eastern Ontario outside the traditional winter wheat growing area. Cultivars of soft white, soft and hard red wheats, a rye and a triticale were compared for winter survival in the field, cold hardiness and ice tolerance of plants removed from the field in winter, and grain yield. Overall mean grain yield of four wheats was the equivalent of 3980 kg/ha with a high mean yield of Houser in 1982 of 5035 kg/ha. In 3 yr good survival and yields were obtained with a range of cultivars, while in the fourth year only the hardiest cultivars survived well at most sites. Survival was reduced at one site in all 4 yr by snow mold. There were significant cultivar × site interactions in winter survival in 3 of the 4 yr. Fall-developed cold hardiness showed significant differences between sites and between cultivars with site means ranging from LD50 values of −20.6 °C to −10.2 °C. There were major differences in cold hardiness and ice tolerance of field-grown plants of 23 cultivars at Ottawa in 1981, but correlations between the two parameters were not significant. Ice tolerance in winter 1982 showed significant differences between sites and between cultivars. Winter survival and cold hardiness were significantly correlated at two of the five sites in 1982 — the most stressful winter season. Overall, Norstar, the highest winter survivor of the wheats, was frequently the lowest yielder. The red wheats Lennox and Valor showed consistenty high cold hardiness and winter survival accompanied by good yields, while of the soft white wheats, Houser showed frequent superiority in cold hardiness, and inconsistent advantages in winter survival and yield.Key words: Wheat (winter), winter injury, survival, cold hardiness, ice

Relationships between planting date, winter survival and stress tolerances of soft white winter wheat in eastern Ontario

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Andrews ◽  
M. K. Pomeroy ◽  
W. L. Seaman ◽  
G. Butler ◽  
P. C. Bonn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Measured Stress ◽  
Crown Tissue ◽  
Ice Encasement ◽  
Eastern Ontario

Reduction of populations of fall planted crops in the course of winter can result in substantial losses in economic yield. Variations in planting date of soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in eastern Ontario are known to influence both survival and grain yield. This study was conducted to determine relationships between fall-accumulated growing degree days (GDD), cold hardiness, ice tolerance and a number of plant characteristics with survival recorded the next spring. Locations were at Ottawa (45°23′N) and Douglas (45°33′N) with four planting dates, 27 August, 10 September, 24 September and 8 October in 4 yr, 1983–1986. Delayed planting was associated with reduced survival at Ottawa in 1987 and in all years at Douglas. Consequently, survival at Ottawa showed little association with cold hardiness and ice tolerance, but there were significant correlations at Douglas. Measurements in 3 yr showed that late planted wheats were single tillered, up to 10 times lower fresh weight than the 3–5 tillered August-planted wheat, and their cold hardiness and ice tolerance were decreased. Moisture content of the crown tissue (CrW) increased with delayed planting despite the growth of the plants in acclimating conditions. Highest CrW developed in late-planted wheat at Douglas and showed a high negative correlation with survival. Cold hardiness and ice tolerance correlated with survival at Douglas and there were significant relationships between the stress tolerances. However, no consistent associations across location-years could be defined to explain winter survival in terms of fall-measured stress tolerances and plant parameters. Key words: Cold acclimation, cold hardiness, crown moisture, winter injury, ice encasement, delayed planting

Winter survival and yield of early-seeded winter wheat and triticale

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Salmon ◽  
V. S. Baron ◽  
A. C. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Spring Cereals

On the Canadian prairies, winter cereals such as rye (Secale cereale L.), triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. EM Thell) have shown potential for forage production when spring-seeded as monocrops (WMC) or as intercrops (IC) and doublecrops (DC) in binary combinations with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or oat (Avena sativa L.). Producers are frequently tempted to overwinter the winter cereals for seed production in the second year. The current study evaluated the influence of forage harvest during the establishment year on the winter hardiness and seed production of winter wheat and triticale in the WMC, IC, and DC cropping systems. Clippings of the WMC and IC as well as planting of the DC were timed to correspond to jointing (DS1), boot (DS2), late milk (DS3) and grain harvest (DS4). Planting of the winter cereal after grain harvest (DS4) of the spring cereal simulated the conventional cropping system. All plots were clipped in late fall to remove aftermath prior to overwintering. Consequently treatments first clipped at DS1 received five clippings compared with DS4 which received only two clippings. Subsequent winter survival and grain yield of both winter species were reduced in the WMC and IC compared with DC treatments. However, increasing the frequency of clipping during the year of establishement in the WMC and IC improved grain yield and winter survival in the winter wheat compared with treatments receiving less frequent or no clipping. Less consistent results were observed for winter triticale. Overwintering spring-planted winter wheat and triticale is not a suitable means for seed production compared with conventional fall planting or reseeding to spring cereals. Key words: Spring cereals, winter cereals, winter survival

Fructan in winter wheat, triticale, and fall rye cultivars of varying cold hardiness

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 1723-1728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michio Suzuki ◽  
H. G. Nass
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Opposite Trend ◽  
High Concentrations

Eight winter wheat, one triticale, and three fall rye cultivars with mean lethal temperature (LT50) values from −5.5 to −20.0 °C were harvested in late November and analyzed for fructans. Fructose, sucrose, and oligofructans with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 6 or lower were found in all cultivars. The concentration of DP 4 fructan was higher than that of DP 5 in winter wheat and triticale, while the opposite trend was found in fall rye. Fructans with a DP of 7 or higher (high DP fructans) were found at high concentrations in hardy winter wheat and fall rye. The high DP fructan was very low or negligible in the least hardy winter wheat cultivar 'Super X'. Fructans in winter cereals consisted mainly of inulin type with a β-2-1 linkage. The activity of phlein sucrase, which catalyzes synthesis of phlein, was much lower in winter cereals compared with phlein-rich grasses. It was concluded that high DP fructans of inulin type in basal top tissues of winter cereals were more closely associated with freezing resistance than low DP fructans.

Determination of optimal sowing dates and densities of winter wheat under Quebec growing conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Allard ◽  
Anne Vanasse ◽  
Denis Pageau ◽  
Gilles Tremblay ◽  
Julie Durand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Seeding Density ◽  
Good Survival ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Yield Gain ◽  
Growing Conditions

The objective of this project was to determine the optimal sowing dates and densities for winter wheat to increase winter survival and yield under Quebec growing conditions. The trials were carried out from 2014 to 2016 at four sites, representing three cereal production zones (zones 1, 2, and 3). Three cultivars were assessed using four sowing dates and four seeding densities (250, 350, 450, and 550 seeds m−2). In the first year, the wheat at two of the four sites survived (82%–100%), and in the second year, all the sites showed good survival rates (69%–99%). In zone 2, winter survival was higher for the early sowing dates compared with later dates. Sowing date and seeding density had no effect on survival in zones 1 and 3. Maximum yields were attained with sowing dates from mid- to late September in zone 1; from early to mid-September in zone 2; and from mid-August to mid-September in zone 3. An increase in seeding density from 250 to 550 seeds m−2 led to an average yield gain of 9% in zones 2 and 3, but no gain in zone 1. Winter survival rates and yield differ between cultivars.

POTENTIAL FOR WINTER WHEAT PRODUCTION IN SASKATCHEWAN

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. FOWLER ◽  
L. V. GUSTA ◽  
K. E. BOWREN ◽  
W. L. CROWLE ◽  
E. D. MALLOUGH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Brown Soil ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Gray Soil

Winter cereal trials consisting of 10 cultivars representing cold hardiness potentials ranging up to the hardiness of Frontier winter rye were seeded at test sites throughout Saskatchewan for 2 yr. At most sites in the Brown soil zone only winter rye survived without extensive winter damage. At sites in the Black and Gray soil zones, winter survival was sufficient to provide agronomic data for several winter wheat cultivars. Considerable yield compensation took place in stands exhibiting partial winterkill, and as a result hardier cultivars did not always demonstrate a yield advantage.

CHANGES IN COLD HARDINESS, ICE TOLERANCE AND TOTAL CARBOHYDRATES OF WINTER WHEAT UNDER VARIOUS CUTTING REGIMES

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
M. K. POMEROY ◽  
W. L. SEAMAN
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Variable Effect ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Total Carbohydrates ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Cutting Regimes

Fredrick winter wheat was subjected to a number of cutting (defoliation) regimes in controlled environments and in the field in 2 yr to investigate the effects of simulated forage removal on winter survival parameters. In controlled environments, cutting at 4 wk and 8 wk reduced cold hardiness and ice tolerance markedly in plants grown for 5 days, and 14 days at warm temperatures before hardening. Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNSC) in plant crowns were reduced by all regimes. In the field, the effects of single cuttings were not as large, but generally there were slight reductions in cold hardiness, ice tolerance, and crown TNSC. A slight increase in cold hardiness was associated with multiple cutting in both years but this was not normally reflected in an increase in winter survival. A reduction in ice tolerance by cutting of plants in a plot with low soil moisture was not seen on a periodically flooded plot. Cutting reduced fresh weight of plants and root number, and markedly increased crown moisture content. Overall, despite a variable effect on a number of winter survival parameters, cutting of Fredrick winter wheat appeared to be hazardous to its overwintering potential.Key words: Triticum, acclimation, encasement, clipping, grazing, defoliation

CHANGES IN COLD HARDINESS ACCOMPANYING DEVELOPMENT IN WINTER WHEAT

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. A. Roberts ◽  
M. N. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Temperature Resistance ◽  
Varietal Differences ◽  
Low Temperature Resistance ◽  
Exact Timing

The cold resistance of 18 varieties of winter wheat hardened in a growth chamber was studied at various stages of development and the results were compared with the field survival of these varieties.In the growth chamber two maxima of cold resistance were found, the first for the dry or freshly moistened seed and the second when plants had approximately 4 to 6 leaves. Varietal differences were found in the exact timing of this second maximum and in its duration. As a result, some varieties changed their rank for cold resistance as they developed.Partial agreement was observed between the field survival of varieties sown at different dates and the changes in cold resistance of these varieties as they developed in the growth chamber.From these tests, a procedure has been developed that should enable fairly reliable predictions to be made of field survival of winter wheat in any area where low-temperature resistance is the major factor in winter survival.

Response of no-till winter wheat to seed-placed ammonium nitrate fertilizer

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Fowler ◽  
J. Brydon
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
No Till ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nitrate Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Responses

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) can be successfully overwintered in most regions of the Canadian prairies if it is sown without prior tillage into standing stubble immediately after harvest of the previous crop. Soil nitrogen (N) is usually deficient in this production system and N fertilization is necessary to optimize yield and maintain minimum quality standards. In the present study, the effect of seed-placed (SP), early-spring broadcast (BC), and SP/BC combinations of ammonium nitrate fertilizer (AN) on winter survival, grain yield and protein production of winter wheat was investigated in 15 field trials conducted over a wide range of soil types and environmental conditions in Saskatchewan. Ammonium nitrate fertilizer placed in a 20-mm-wide band with Norstar winter wheat seed produced average grain yield responses for 34, 67, and 101 kg N ha−1 treatments that were 98, 84, and 71% of comparable BC treatments, respectively. Average grain protein yield responses for the 34, 67, and 101 kg ha−1 SP N treatments were 94, 82, and 74% of comparable BC treatments, respectively. Grain protein concentration responses were similar for comparable BC and SP N treatments. Yield responses for 34 kg N ha−1 SP and BC treatments indicated that AN could be seed-placed at low rates without significantly reducing N-use efficiency. However, significant reductions in winter survival potential in all trials where differential winterkill occurred suggested that even rates as low as 34 kg N ha−1 SP AN should be avoided when cultivars with marginal winter hardiness are utilized. Key words: Winter wheat, no-till, seed-placed N, yield, protein, winter survival

Effect of freezing temperature and duration on winter survival and grain yield of winter wheat

2018 ◽  
Vol 260-261 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongxiao Zheng ◽  
Xiaoguang Yang ◽  
M. Inés Mínguez ◽  
Chenying Mu ◽  
Qing He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Winter Survival

EFFECT OF RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID ON COLD HARDINESS AND WINTERKILL OF OVERWINTERING WINTER WHEAT

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. THOMAS ◽  
R. A. BUTTS
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Russian Wheat Aphid ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Risk Of Fall ◽  
Cold Hardy

Russian wheat aphid (RWA) (Diruaphis noxia (Mordvilko)) is a new and cold-hardy pest of temperate cereals in western Canada. In view of the risk of fall infestation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), this study was made to establish whether feeding by RWA can interfere with cold hardening and plant survival of overwintering winter wheat. Feeding by RWA significantly increased the LT50 of field-hardened Norstar winter wheat by + 2 to + 4 °C. Application of 400 g (a.i.) ha−1 of the insecticide chlorpyrifos in mid-October to control severe RWA infestations in two different fields of Norstar winter wheat significantly improved winter survival of the crop. The pattern of winterkill within the two fields suggested that this protective effect of chlorpyrifos was greatest in areas where microtopography resulted in the least accumulations of snow and cold stress was most intense. It was concluded that heavy RWA infestation in the fall significantly reduced freezing tolerance of winter wheat and increased the likelihood of winterkilling of the crop by severe cold.Key words: Winter survival, cold hardening, Diuraphis noxia, insecticide, chlorpyrifos, Triticum aestivum, crop damage

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