Intraspecific and interspecific growth variation of ectomycorrhizal fungi at different temperatures

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 869-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Cline ◽  
Raymond C. France ◽  
C. P. Patrick Reid
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Thelephora Terrestris ◽  
Temperature Optima

Geographically distinct isolates of the ectomycorrhizal fungi Pisolithus tinctorius, Cenococcum geophilum, Thelephora terrestris, and Suillus granulatus showed definite temperature optima for growth in pure culture. Temperatures promoting the greatest fungal growth varied interspecifically and intraspecifically over the temperature treatments of 16, 21, 27, 32, and 38 °C. Of the four fungal species, Pisolithus tinctorius exhibited the greatest growth at the higher temperature treatments, with growth optima for all isolates occurring between 21 and 32 °C. The maximum temperature for growth of Cenococcum geophilum was 27 °C, with optimal mycelial growth occurring between 16 and 27 °C, depending upon the particular isolate considered. Suillus granulatus showed greatest mycelial growth at 27 °C and below, with temperature optima for the different isolates ranging from 16 to 32 °C. The pure-culture growth of Thelephora terrestris was high relative to the other fungal species examined with growth optima between 21 and 27 °C. The degree of intraspecific variation of mycelial growth in response to temperature was high for all fungal species, indicating the existence of physiologically distinct genotypes. Attempts to relate fungal growth performance to geographic origin of isolate showed a trend for Pisolithus tinctorius. However, no such relationships were apparent for the other species.

The ability of ectomycorrhizal fungi to utilize fatty acids and a lipid as a carbon source for mycelial growth

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 1285-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takefumi Hattori ◽  
Akira Ohta ◽  
Masayuki Itaya ◽  
Mikio Shimada
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
Ecm Fungi ◽  
Relative Utilization

We have investigated growth of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi (i.e., 55 strains of 32 species in 15 genera) on saturated (palmitate), monounsaturated (oleate), diunsaturated (linoleate), triunsaturated (linolenate) fatty acids, and the triacylglyceride of oleate (triolein) lipid to elucidate an ability to utilize the fatty acids and lipid as a carbon source for growth. Relative utilization ratios (URs, %) based on mycelial growth on glucose suggest that ECM fungi belonging to the family Thelephoraceae have an ability to utilize palmitate. On the other hand, ECM fungi in the genus Laccaria can utilize at least either palmitate or oleate. Furthermore, Hygropharus russula grows on palmitate, oleate, and slightly on triolein. Lactarius chrysorrheus grows only on palmitate. These fatty-acid- and lipid-utilizing fungi may be promising as model fungi for further elucidation of the metabolic ability to utilize the fatty acids and lipid as a carbon source. On the contrary, the fungi in the genus Suillus were shown to scarcely utilize the fatty acids and lipid. Furthermore, most ECM fungi did not grow on either linoleate or linolenate.Key words: carbon source, ectomycorrhizal fungi, fatty acid, lipid, mycelial growth.

scholarly journals In vitro fungitoxic potential of Lippia gracilis (Schauer) essential oil against phytopathogens

2020 ◽  
pp. 667-674
Author(s):  
Kevison Romulo da Silva França ◽  
Flavia Mota de Figueredo Alves ◽  
Tiago Silva Lima ◽  
Alda Leaby dos Santos Xavier ◽  
Plínio Tércio Medeiros de Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Growth Speed ◽  
Randomized Design

This study evaluates the in vitro effects of Lippia gracilis essential oil on the mycelial growth of phytopathogenic fungi. Experiments were carried out using a completely randomized design to assess the effects of eight treatments. Five replicates were evaluated for each experimental group. The essential oil was incorporated into the potato dextrose culture medium and poured into Petri dishes. Treatments were comprised of different concentrations of the oil (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%), a negative control (0.0%), and two positive controls (commercial fungicides). The plates were inoculated with fungi including Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. musae, C. fructicola, C. asianum, Alternaria alternata, A. brassicicola, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae and were incubated for seven days at 27 ± 2°C. The following variables were measured to verify the differences observed among treatments: percentage of mycelial growth inhibition and index of mycelial growth speed. All concentrations of L. gracilis oil inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal species evaluated. The complete inhibition was observed between concentrations of 0.0125 and 0.1%. Treatment with oil inhibited fungal growth with similar, or even greater, efficiency than commercial fungicides.. We recommend the development of in vivo tests to verify whether L. gracilis essential oil can protect against fungal disease in live plants.

Pure culture synthesis of ectomycorrhizae by Thelephora terrestris and Pisolithus tinctorius on different conifer hosts

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald H. Marx ◽  
W. Craig Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Thelephora Terrestris ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Pure Culture Synthesis

In a special plant-growth room, isolates of Thelephora terrestris produced basidiocarps and formed typical ectomycorrhizae with seedlings of bristlecone, jack, sand, lodgepole, shortleaf, slash, sugar, Austrian, longleaf, cluster, ponderosa, red, pitch, eastern white, Scots, loblolly, and Virginia pines and Douglas fir. Atypical mycorrhizae (lacking mantle) were formed on seedlings of Norway spruce and jack, Japanese red, and Himalayan pines. The formation of atypical mycorrhizae was considered a result of differences in the symbiotic–parasitic nature of the fungal symbionts on different hosts. Pisolithus tinctorius formed typical mycorrhizae with seedlings of jack, sand, Japanese red, shortleaf, slash, Austrian, longleaf, cluster, red, pitch, eastern white, Scots, loblolly, and Virginia pines. Reisolation of specific fungal symbionts from mycorrhizae of several pine hosts was successful.Mycorrhizae formed by T. terrestris were macroscopically and microscopically different from those of P. tinctorius, but mycorrhizae formed by different isolates of T. terrestris were indistinguishable from each other, regardless of host. These results suggest that the fungal symbiont determines color and morphology of ectomycorrhizae.

scholarly journals Gut passage of epigeous ectomycorrhizal fungi by two opportunistic mycophagous rodents

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Citlalli Castillo-Guevara ◽  
Josette Sierra ◽  
Gema Galindo-Flores ◽  
Mariana Cuautle ◽  
Carlos Lara
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Deer Mouse ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rodent Species ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Small Rodents

Abstract Mycophagists can influence fungal diversity within their home ranges by ensuring the continued and effective dispersal of spores from one site to another. However, the passage of spores through the digestive tract of vertebrates can affect the activity and viability of the spores ingested. This phenomenon has been rarely documented in opportunistic mycophagists consuming epigeous fungi. Using laboratory experiments, we investigated the activity and viability of spores of two epigeous ectomycorrhizal fungal species (Laccaria trichodermophora and Suillus tomentosus) after passage through the digestive tract of two opportunistic mycophagous small rodents, the volcano mouse Peromyscus alstoni and the deer mouse P. maniculatus. We found that passage through the gut of either species of rodent had a significant effect on spore activity and viability for both fungal species. The proportion of active spores (0.37–0.40) of L. trichodermophora in the feces of both species of rodents was less than that recorded for the control (0.82). However, the proportion of active spores (0.64–0.73) of S. tomentosus in the feces of each species of rodent was higher than in the control (0.40). On the other hand, the viability of spores was lower (0.26–0.30 in L. trichodermophora and 0.60–0.69 in S. tomentosus) for both fungi when consumed by either rodent relative to the controls (0.90 in L. trichodermophora and 0.82 in S. tomentosus). These findings suggest that these rodent species may be effective dispersers of both epigeous fungi.

Ectomycorrhizal fungi of Salix rotundifolia III. Resynthesized mycorrhizal complexes and their surface phosphatase activities

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 2458-2465 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Antibus ◽  
J. G. Croxdale ◽  
O. K. Miller ◽  
A. E. Linkins
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Nitrophenyl Phosphate ◽  
Area Basis ◽  
Surface Area Basis

Pure culture isolates were obtained from fungi fruiting in the vicinity of dwarf willows at Barrow and Cape Simpson, Alaska. Four of these isolates and one isolate from Maryland were tested for their ability to form ectomycorrhizae with cuttings of Salix rotundifolia under controlled environmental conditions. Isolates of Entoloma sericeum, Hebelomapusillum, and Cenococcum geophilum from Barrow and Cape Simpson, Alaska all formed typical ectomycorrhizae with S. rotundifolia, while an isolate of C. geophilum from a temperate ecosystem (Maryland) did not.All of the ectomycorrhizae synthesized with S. rotundifolia, plus uncolonized roots, demonstrated an ability to hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl phosphate at a pH of 4.7. The acid phosphatase activity of E. sericeum ectomycorrhizae was from 10 to 40 times as great as that demonstrated by other mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots on a surface area basis.

Growth and fungal persistence by Quercus rubra inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi and planted on a clear-cutting and strip mine

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1571-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Beckjord ◽  
Marla S. McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Strip Mine ◽  
Mine Sites

Quercus rubra seedlings were grown in a greenhouse in media inoculated with and without vegetative hyphae of the ectomycorrhizal fungi Pisolithus tinctorius, Cenococcum geophilum, Scleroderma auranteum, and Rhizopogon nigrescens. Some seedlings were also inoculated with basidiospores of P. tinctorius and S. auranteum in the greenhouse. Rhizopogon nigrescens did not infect the seedlings during greenhouse production. Seedlings were planted and grown for two seasons on clear-cut and strip-mine sites. Some nonmycorrhizal seedlings were inoculated with basidiospores at planting. Seedling growth after one season on the clear-cut site was positive for all P. tinctorius, C. geophilum, and vegetative S. auranteum inoculations and significant differences in growth occurred among inoculation treatments. Root-core samples after one season showed that 80–100% of the seedlings on the clear-cut site had fungal persistence of assigned fungal species from all fungal inoculations except that no ectomycorrhizae were evident with seedlings field inoculated with basidiospores. Growth after two seasons on the clear-cut site was significantly different among treatments but not significantly different on the strip-mine site. Excavated root systems after two seasons showed that 0–100% of the seedlings on the clear-cut and strip-mine sites had fungal retention of assigned fungal species and ectomycorrhizae from basidiospore chip inoculations.

scholarly journals β(1-3)Glucanosyltransferase Gel4p Is Essential for Aspergillus fumigatus

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1294-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amandine Gastebois ◽  
Thierry Fontaine ◽  
Jean-Paul Latgé ◽  
Isabelle Mouyna
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT The β(1-3)glucanosyltransferase GEL family of Aspergillus fumigatus contains 7 genes, among which only 3 are expressed during mycelial growth. The role of the GEL4 gene was investigated in this study. Like the other Gelps, it encodes a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein. In contrast to the other β(1-3)glucanosyltransferases analyzed to date, it is essential for this fungal species.

Effects of exogenous glucose on mycorrhizal colonization in vitro by early-stage and late-stage ectomycorrhizal fungi

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 898-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard J. Hutchison ◽  
Yves Piché
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Exogenous Glucose

Under aseptic conditions, seedlings of 12 common tree species found in eastern Canada (Alnus rugosa, Betula papyrifera, Betula alleghaniensis, Abies balsamea, Tsuga Canadensis, Pinus strobes, Pinus resinosa, Pinus banksiana, Larix laricina, Picea glauca, Picea mariana, and Picea rubens) were inoculated with 10 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Piloderma bicolour, Lactarius thyinos, Lactarius subpurpureus, Lactarius torminosus, Hebeloma longicaudum, Cenococcum geophilum, Suillus sinuspaulianus, Suillus tomentosus, Leccinum holopus, and Boletinus paluster) in the absence or presence of exogenous glucose (2 g/L). Early-stage ectomycorrhizal colonizers with a broad host range (e.g., H. longicaudum) appeared to be less dependent upon the exogenous carbohydrate supply for successful formation of ectomycorrhizae than were host-specific late-stage ectomycorrhizal colonizers (e.g., Lactarius subpurpureus). Further investigations revealed, however, that while levels of exogenous glucose (1.0 and 10.0 g/L) increased mycelial growth of late-stage ectomycorrhizal colonizers, a detrimental effect on the growth of the seedlings took place in the presence of these fungi, rather than a concurrent increase in colonization and infection of the host roots. It is suggested that secondary fungal metabolites toxic to the plants are released as a consequence of increased mycelial growth in response to an increase in glucose concentrations. Thus, when dealing with late-stage ectomycorrhizal colonizers and host plants in mycorrhizal synthesis experiments, the exogenous glucose concentration is critical. Key words: early-stage fungi, late-stage fungi, ectomycorrhizae, glucose, root colonization, fungal metabolites.

Colonization, isolation, and cultural descriptions of Thelephora terrestris and other ectomycorrhizal fungi of shortleaf pine seedlings grown in fumigated soil

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald H. Marx ◽  
W. Craig Bryan ◽  
Larry F. Grand
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Thelephora Terrestris ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Nineteen fungal symbionts were isolated from ectomycorrhizae of 7- to 9-month-old shortleaf pine seedlings grown in heavily fumigated soil in a greenhouse. Cultural and chemical characterization revealed five distinct cultural groups. One symbiont group was culturally identical with isolates of Thelephora terrestris, a primary symbiont colonizer of fumigated soil. The other four groups of ectomycorrhizal fungi belonged to different species. Numerous surface sterilants were tested in attempts to isolate symbionts, but only mercuric chloride (100 p.p.m.) and copper sulfate (2.5 and 5%) were effective.

Biofuel ash addition increases ectomycorrhizal fungal exudation in pure culture

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paola Vilches ◽  
Sara H. Norström ◽  
Madelen A. Olofsson ◽  
Petra Fransson ◽  
Dan Bylund
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Metal Availability ◽  
Whole Tree Harvesting

Environmental contextSpreading recycled wood ash in forests may counteract acidification and nutrient losses, but the process may also affect symbiotic fungi in these eco-systems. We show how fungal species react when exposed to ash solutions; for example, by an increased release of organic acids and other compounds. These effects can influence pH and metal availability in forest soils treated with ash. AbstractRecycling of wood ash may counteract acidification and losses of base cations resulting from whole-tree harvesting in boreal forest ecosystems. The effects of ash treatment on growth and exudation of eight ectomycorrhizal fungal species were investigated in this study. Six basidiomycetes and two ascomycetes were grown in liquid pure culture with different levels of ash amendments. Biomass production, pH and the exudation of 17 low-molecular-mass organic acids (LMMOAs), 23 amino acids (AAs) and 9 hydroxamate siderophores (HSs) were recorded after 1, 2 and 4 weeks of incubation. Ash did not affect fungal growth, but resulted in higher exudation of the investigated compounds, in particular LMMOAs. Ash also influenced the composition of the exudates. We measured exudation of LMMOAs and AAs up to millimolar and micromolar concentrations respectively. For example, Rhizopogon roseolus mainly produced oxalic acid, whereas Lactarius rufus and Tomentellopsis submollis produced the highest concentrations of AAs. Ferricrocin, the only HS detected, was exuded at the nanomolar level. Exudation responses were also highly species-dependent, e.g. the ascomycetous isolates that produced the largest biomass released low amounts of exudates compared with the basidiomycetes, and were the only ones producing siderophores. This growth–exudation response to ash is likely a trade-off in carbon allocation whereby the mycorrhizal fungal species invest carbon in either higher biomass production or higher exudation.

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