Biofuel ash addition increases ectomycorrhizal fungal exudation in pure culture

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paola Vilches ◽  
Sara H. Norström ◽  
Madelen A. Olofsson ◽  
Petra Fransson ◽  
Dan Bylund
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Metal Availability ◽  
Whole Tree Harvesting

Environmental contextSpreading recycled wood ash in forests may counteract acidification and nutrient losses, but the process may also affect symbiotic fungi in these eco-systems. We show how fungal species react when exposed to ash solutions; for example, by an increased release of organic acids and other compounds. These effects can influence pH and metal availability in forest soils treated with ash. AbstractRecycling of wood ash may counteract acidification and losses of base cations resulting from whole-tree harvesting in boreal forest ecosystems. The effects of ash treatment on growth and exudation of eight ectomycorrhizal fungal species were investigated in this study. Six basidiomycetes and two ascomycetes were grown in liquid pure culture with different levels of ash amendments. Biomass production, pH and the exudation of 17 low-molecular-mass organic acids (LMMOAs), 23 amino acids (AAs) and 9 hydroxamate siderophores (HSs) were recorded after 1, 2 and 4 weeks of incubation. Ash did not affect fungal growth, but resulted in higher exudation of the investigated compounds, in particular LMMOAs. Ash also influenced the composition of the exudates. We measured exudation of LMMOAs and AAs up to millimolar and micromolar concentrations respectively. For example, Rhizopogon roseolus mainly produced oxalic acid, whereas Lactarius rufus and Tomentellopsis submollis produced the highest concentrations of AAs. Ferricrocin, the only HS detected, was exuded at the nanomolar level. Exudation responses were also highly species-dependent, e.g. the ascomycetous isolates that produced the largest biomass released low amounts of exudates compared with the basidiomycetes, and were the only ones producing siderophores. This growth–exudation response to ash is likely a trade-off in carbon allocation whereby the mycorrhizal fungal species invest carbon in either higher biomass production or higher exudation.

scholarly journals Effect of nitrogen on fungal growth efficiency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. Di Lonardo ◽  
A. van der Wal ◽  
P. Harkes ◽  
W. de Boer
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Mineral N

AbstractThe contribution of fungi to carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling is related to their growth efficiency (amount of biomass produced per unit of substrate utilized). The concentration and availability of N influences the activity and growth efficiency of saprotrophic fungi. When N is scarce in soils, fungi have to invest more energy to obtain soil N, which could result in lower growth efficiencies. Yet, the effect of N on growth efficiencies of individual species of fungi in soil has not been studied extensively. In this study we investigated the influence of different concentrations of mineral N on the growth efficiency of two common soil fungi, Trichoderma harzanium and Mucor hiemalis in a soil-like environment. We hypothesized that a higher N availability will coincide with higher biomass production and growth efficiency. To test this, we measured fungal biomass production as well as the respiration fluxes in sand microcosms amended with cellobiose and mineral N at different C:N ratios. We found that for both fungal species lower C:N ratios resulted in the highest biomass production as well as the highest growth efficiency. This may imply that when N is applied concurrently with a degradable C source, a higher amount of N will be temporarily immobilized into fungal biomass.

Intraspecific and interspecific growth variation of ectomycorrhizal fungi at different temperatures

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 869-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Cline ◽  
Raymond C. France ◽  
C. P. Patrick Reid
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Thelephora Terrestris ◽  
Temperature Optima

Geographically distinct isolates of the ectomycorrhizal fungi Pisolithus tinctorius, Cenococcum geophilum, Thelephora terrestris, and Suillus granulatus showed definite temperature optima for growth in pure culture. Temperatures promoting the greatest fungal growth varied interspecifically and intraspecifically over the temperature treatments of 16, 21, 27, 32, and 38 °C. Of the four fungal species, Pisolithus tinctorius exhibited the greatest growth at the higher temperature treatments, with growth optima for all isolates occurring between 21 and 32 °C. The maximum temperature for growth of Cenococcum geophilum was 27 °C, with optimal mycelial growth occurring between 16 and 27 °C, depending upon the particular isolate considered. Suillus granulatus showed greatest mycelial growth at 27 °C and below, with temperature optima for the different isolates ranging from 16 to 32 °C. The pure-culture growth of Thelephora terrestris was high relative to the other fungal species examined with growth optima between 21 and 27 °C. The degree of intraspecific variation of mycelial growth in response to temperature was high for all fungal species, indicating the existence of physiologically distinct genotypes. Attempts to relate fungal growth performance to geographic origin of isolate showed a trend for Pisolithus tinctorius. However, no such relationships were apparent for the other species.

scholarly journals The effect of ethoxylated oleyl-cetyl alcohol on metabolism of some fungi and their potential application in mycoremediation

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-286
Author(s):  
Violeta Jakovljevic ◽  
Miroslav Vrvic
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Fermentation Broth ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Cetyl Alcohol ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Liquid Media

The effect of ethoxylated oleyl-cetyl alcohol at a concentration of 1% on the growth and metabolism of A. tenuis Nees and P. verrucosum Dierckx was examined in this paper. The fungal growth was investigated by monitoring the diameter of colonies on solid media and dry weight biomass in liquid media. A. tenuis had better response to applied pollutant in solid medium, whereas P. verrucosum had better response in liquid medium. During exponential fungal growth in liquid media with and without pollutant (control), the following physico-chemical and biochemical parameters were carried out: pH, quantity of free and total organic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, proteolytic activity. The ethoxylated oleyl-cetyl alcohol had influence on decrease in pH value and increase in free organic acids of both fungi. Furthermore, it has influenced production in way that lower amount of total organic acids, proteins, glucose and fructose were gained in fermentation broth of P. verrucosum compared to A. tenuis. The proteolityc activity of fungi was partially (A. tenuis) or fully inhibited (P. verrucosum) by presence of pollutant in liquid medium. Based on the obtained results, these fungal species act as potential candidates for mycoremediation of alcohol ethoxylated contaminated environments and biotechnology.

scholarly journals Post-translational regulation of autophagy is involved in intra-microbiome suppression of fungal pathogens

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Chaoyun Xu ◽  
Qiming Sun ◽  
Jinrong Xu ◽  
Yunrong Chai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Autophagy Induction ◽  
Histone Acetyltransferase Gcn5 ◽  
Plant Microbiota ◽  
Autophagic Process

Abstract Background Microbiome interactions are important determinants for ecosystem functioning, stability, and health. In previous studies, it was often observed that bacteria suppress potentially pathogenic fungal species that are part of the same plant microbiota; however, the underlying microbe-microbe interplay remains mostly elusive. Here, we explored antagonistic interactions of the fungus Fusarium graminearum and bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus at the molecular level. Both are ubiquitous members of the healthy wheat microbiota; under dysbiosis, the fungus causes devastating diseases. Results In co-cultures, we found that Streptomyces alters the fungal acetylome leading to substantial induction of fungal autophagy. The bacterium secrets rapamycin to inactivate the target of rapamycin (TOR), which subsequently promotes the degradation of the fungal histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 through the 26S proteasome. Gcn5 negatively regulates fungal autophagy by acetylating the autophagy-related protein Atg8 at the lysine site K13 and blocking cellular relocalization of Atg8. Thus, degradation of Gcn5 triggered by rapamycin was found to reduce Atg8 acetylation, resulting in autophagy induction in F. graminearum. Conclusions Autophagy homeostasis plays an essential role in fungal growth and competition, as well as for virulence. Our work reveals a novel post-translational regulation of autophagy initiated by a bacterial antibiotic. Rapamycin was shown to be a powerful modulator of bacteria–fungi interactions with potential importance in explaining microbial homeostasis in healthy plant microbiomes. The autophagic process provides novel possibilities and targets to biologically control pathogens.

scholarly journals Double Gamers—Can Modified Natural Regulators of Higher Plants Act as Antagonists against Phytopathogens? The Case of Jasmonic Acid Derivatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8681
Author(s):  
Nicolò Orsoni ◽  
Francesca Degola ◽  
Luca Nerva ◽  
Franco Bisceglie ◽  
Giorgio Spadola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Horticultural Crops

As key players in biotic stress response of plants, jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives cover a specific and prominent role in pathogens-mediated signaling and hence are promising candidates for a sustainable management of phytopathogenic fungi. Recently, JA directed antimicrobial effects on plant pathogens has been suggested, supporting the theory of oxylipins as double gamers in plant-pathogen interaction. Based on these premises, six derivatives (dihydrojasmone and cis-jasmone, two thiosemicarbazonic derivatives and their corresponding complexes with copper) have been evaluated against 13 fungal species affecting various economically important herbaceous and woody crops, such as cereals, grapes and horticultural crops: Phaeoacremonium minimum, Neofusicoccum parvum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Fomitiporia mediterranea, Fusarium poae, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae,F. sporotrichioides, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizoctonia solani,Sclerotinia spp. and Verticillium dahliae. The biological activity of these compounds was assessed in terms of growth inhibition and, for the two mycotoxigenic species A. flavus and F. sporotrichioides, also in terms of toxin containment. As expected, the inhibitory effect of molecules greatly varied amongst both genera and species; cis-jasmone thiosemicarbazone in particular has shown the wider range of effectiveness. However, our results show that thiosemicarbazones derivatives are more effective than the parent ketones in limiting fungal growth and mycotoxins production, supporting possible applications for the control of pathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals Modelling Fungal Growth, Mycotoxin Production and Release in Grana Cheese

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Camardo Leggieri ◽  
Amedeo Pietri ◽  
Paola Battilani
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Cyclopiazonic Acid ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Ecology ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Roquefortine C ◽  
Grana Cheese

No information is available in the literature about the influence of temperature (T) on Penicillium and Aspergillus spp. growth and mycotoxin production on cheese rinds. The aim of this work was to: (i) study fungal ecology on cheese in terms of T requirements, focusing on the partitioning of mycotoxins between the rind and mycelium; and (ii) validate predictive models previously developed by in vitro trials. Grana cheese rind blocks were inoculated with A. versicolor, P. crustosum, P. nordicum, P. roqueforti, and P. verrucosum, incubated at different T regimes (10–30 °C, step 5 °C) and after 14 days the production of mycotoxins (ochratoxin A (OTA); sterigmatocystin (STC); roquefortine C (ROQ-C), mycophenolic acid (MPA), Pr toxin (PR-Tox), citrinin (CIT), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA)) was quantified. All the fungi grew optimally around 15–25 °C and produced the expected mycotoxins (except MPA, Pr-Tox, and CIT). The majority of the mycotoxins produced remained in the mycelium (~90%) in three out of five fungal species (P. crustosum, P. nordicum, and P. roqueforti); the opposite occurred for A. versicolor and P. verrucosum with 71% and 58% of STC and OTA detected in cheese rind, respectively. Available predictive models fitted fungal growth on the cheese rind well, but validation was not possible for mycotoxins because they were produced in a very narrow T range.

scholarly journals Volatile Organic Compound Profiles From Wheat Diseases Are Pathogen-Specific and Can Be Exploited for Disease Classification

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Ficke ◽  
Belachew Asalf ◽  
Hans Ragnar Norli
Keyword(s):  
Pure Culture ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Disease Classification ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Wheat Diseases ◽  
Volatile Organic

Plants and fungi emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are either constitutively produced or are produced in response to changes in their physico-chemical status. We hypothesized that these chemical signals could be utilized as diagnostic tools for plant diseases. VOCs from several common wheat pathogens in pure culture (Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium poae, and Parastagonospora nodorum) were collected and compared among isolates of the same fungus, between pathogens from different species, and between pathogens causing different disease groups [Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB)]. In addition, we inoculated two wheat varieties with either F. graminearum or P. nodorum, while one variety was also inoculated with Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (powdery mildew, PM). VOCs were collected 7, 14, and 21 days after inoculation. Each fungal species in pure culture emitted a different VOC blend, and each isolate could be classified into its respective disease group based on VOCs with an accuracy of 71.4 and 84.2% for FHB and SNB, respectively. When all collection times were combined, the classification of the tested diseases was correct in 84 and 86% of all cases evaluated. Germacrene D and sativene, which were associated with FHB infection, and mellein and heptadecanone, which were associated with SNB infection, were consistently emitted by both wheat varieties. Wheat plants infected with PM emitted significant amounts of 1-octen-3-ol and 3,5,5-trimethyl-2-hexene. Our study suggests that VOC blends could be used to classify wheat diseases. This is the first step toward a real-time disease detection in the field based on chemical signatures of wheat diseases.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the anti-mycotic activity of Rosemary Oil Against Candida al-bicans

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1228-1232
Author(s):  
Shebi S ◽  
Geetha RV ◽  
Lakshmi Thangavelu Lakshmi Thangavelu
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Rosemary Oil ◽  
Athlete’S Foot ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
Sterile Filter

An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycoses such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis, serious systemic infections such as Cryptococcal meningitis, and others. In traditional medicine, extracts and essential oil from flowers and leaves are used in the belief they may be useful to treat a variety of fungal disorders. The aim of this study was to analyse the antimycotic properties of rosemary oil and its principal components. The Rosemary oil was screened for antifungal activity by the disc diffusion method. Activated cultures of Candida albicans in Sabouraud’s broth was adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standards [108cfu/ml]. 100 µl of the inoculum was introduced to molten Sabourauds dextrose agar and poured in the sterile Petri plates and allowed to set. Sterile filter paper discs (6.0 mm diameter) impregnated with 25µl, 50µl and 100µl /disc were placed on fungal seeded plates and incubated at 28oC for 48 hrs. Clear zones within which fungal growth was absent were measured and recorded as the diameter (mm) of complete growth inhibition. All the concentrations of the test solution inhibited the fungal species with varying degree of sensitivity. The extract showed good antifungal activity at different concentrations with a maximum zone of inhibition of 38 mm at concentration 100µl. This study provides a sample large enough to determine the antifungal properties of Rosemary oil and suggests further studies for possible therapeutic use.

scholarly journals Epidemiology, Clinical Profile and Treatment Outcomes of Bacterial and Fungal Keratitis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabila Mabrouk ◽  
Mohamed Abdelkader ◽  
Mohamed Abdelhakeem ◽  
Khaled Mourad ◽  
Ahmed Abdelghany
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Fungal Keratitis ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Clinical Series ◽  
Vegetative Matter ◽  
Department Faculty

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the study is to determine the microbiological aetiology, epidemiological factors, and clinical profile and treatment outcomes of infective keratitis in Ophthalmology department, Minia University. EgyptMethods:Prospective, non-randomized, observational clinical series of cases, including 150 patients with mean age 30 (range 12 to 85 years), 90 patients (60 %) were males and 60 (40%) were females, clinically diagnosed as infective corneal ulcer, attending the Ophthalmology Department – Faculty of Medicine. Minia University, Minia, Egypt. From 2018 to 2020.Detailed history taking and all clinical findings were collected. Corneal scrapings were obtained from patients and subjected to staining and culture for bacterial and fungal pathogens; Bacterial and fungal growth were identified by standard laboratory procedures.Results:Corneal trauma by a vegetative matter was the commesnest risk factor associated with infective keratitis in 92 cases (61.3%). Smear and Culture was positive in 83 cases (58.4%) of 142 corneal scrapings obtained, of which 60 cases were fungal (72.3%), 21 cases were bacterial (25.3%) and 2 cases were mixed bacterial and fungal (2.4%), Aspergillus species was the commonest fungal species isolated in fungal keratitis. 142 cases (94.67 %) healed completely with scar. Only 6 cases (4%) required evisceration due to aggressive presentation from the start and keratoplasty was performed for 2 cases (1.33%).Conclusions:Fungal keratitis was the commonest type in cases attending to our department. Adequate diagnosis, management and follow up helped in achieving high successful curative outcomes. Clinical Trials.gov ID: NCT04894630. Time of registration 1 December 2018

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