The effect of abscisic acid and cytokinins on the cold hardiness of winter wheat

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Gusta ◽  
D. B. Fowler ◽  
N. J. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Measurable Effect

The effect of abscisic acid (ABA) and the cytokinins benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin on the cold hardiness of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was investigated by controlled freeze tests. ABA or BA applied as a foliar spray to nonacclimated plants or to plants acclimated for 1 week had no measurable effect on crown cold hardiness. The crown water content of winter wheat plants grown in nutrient solution supplemented with BA or kinetin decreased by twofold but cold hardiness was not increased. Thus, a reduction in water content alone does not necessarily result in increased cold hardiness. After 7 days of hardening ABA added with BA increased cold hardiness of crowns 3 to 4 °C depending upon the treatment.

RELATIONSHIP OF SOIL FERTILITY TO COLD HARDINESS OF WINTER WHEAT CROWNS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 853-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. FREYMAN ◽  
M. S. KALDY
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Prairie Soil ◽  
Relationship Of

In two controlled-environment experiments, N fertilizer applied to a Dark Brown prairie soil decreased cold hardiness of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), while P applied in the absence of N had little effect. When applied together, P counteracted the effect of N and produced plants as hardy as those that had received no fertilizer. The soil was rich in K; consequently application of additional amounts of this element had no effect on cold hardiness. The correlation coefficient between dry weight of crowns and cold hardiness (LT50) was not sigificant, but that between water content and LT50 was highly significant.

Cytokinins and abscisic acid in hardening winter wheat

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1597-1601 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Taylor ◽  
Munjeet K. Bhalla ◽  
J. Mason Robertson ◽  
Lu J. Piening
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Freeze Dried

During overwintering in a northern climate, winter wheat goes through a hardening process, followed by dehardening in late winter – early spring. This sequence of events may be partially controlled by changes in endogenous hormone levels. Crowns and leaf tissue from field grown winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Norstar) seeded at the beginning of September were collected and freeze-dried at monthly intervals during the winters of 1985–1986 and 1986–1987. Material was also sampled and freeze-dried from seedlings grown in a growth chamber under hardening conditions (21 °C for 2 weeks plus 3 °C for 6 weeks) or nonhardening conditions (3 weeks at 21 °C). The tissues were analysed for cytokinins and abscisic acid. Cytokinin levels, measured with the soybean hypocotyl section assay, declined from October onwards and then rose to a peak in late winter (January and February, winter 1986–1987; February and March, winter 1985–1986), subsequently declining again. Abscisic acid, quantitated as the methyl ester by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector, increased in level from October to December, then decreased to a relatively low level between January and March. Hardened seedlings from the growth chamber contained significantly higher abscisic acid levels and significantly lower cytokinin levels than did the nonhardened seedlings. Key words: abscisic acid, cytokinins, hardening, Triticum aestivum, winter wheat.

EFFECT OF A Rht GENE CONDITIONING THE SEMIDWARF CHARACTER ON WINTERHARDINESS IN WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell)

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. GILLILAND ◽  
D. B. FOWLER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars

In the northern part of the North American Great Plains, the level of cultivar winter-hardiness required for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production is extremely high. Presently, available winter wheat cultivars with adequate winterhardiness are tall and, under favourable growing conditions, crop lodging and excessive amounts of straw can present serious production problems. Consequently, cultivars with short, stiff straw and a high harvest index would be desirable for high production areas within this region. However, semidwarf cultivars with superior winterhardiness have not yet been developed. In this study, six GA-insensitive (Rht) semidwarf parents with poor to moderate winterhardiness were crossed with three GA-sensitive (rht) tall parents possessing good winterhardiness to produce 20 different single, three-way and double crosses. These crosses were evaluated to determine if the GA-insensitive character could be combined with a high level of winterhardiness in winter wheat. Gibberellic acid (GA) sensitivity analyses of F2 seedlings established that a single GA-insensitive gene was involved in each cross. F2-derived F3 and F3-derived F4 lines were assessed for GA-sensitivity and winterhardiness levels were determined from field survival at several locations in Saskatchewan, Canada. Winter survival of homozygous GA-sensitive and GA-insensitive lines were similar in both generations. Lines with winterhardiness levels similar to those of the three tall parent cultivars were recovered in all GA-response classes. The absence of a meaningful pleiotropic effect of Rht genes on winterhardiness indicates that the reason semidwarf cultivars with superior winterhardiness levels have not been developed is due to the lack of a concentrated breeding effort to combine the two characters. A breeding strategy for the production of adapted winterhardy semidwarf winter wheat cultivars is discussed. The influence of endogenous gibberellin levels on cold hardiness in winter wheat is also considered.Key words: Cold hardiness, field survival, Triticum aestivum L, semidwarf, Gibberellic acid

AN EVALUATION OF SEVERAL CHEMICAL TESTS AS POSSIBLE SELECTION MEASURES FOR WINTERHARDINESS IN WHEAT

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. GUSTA ◽  
D. B. FOWLER ◽  
N. J. TYLER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Uronic Acid ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Survival Prediction ◽  
Selection Measures ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Chemical Characters

Ten chemical characters and crown LT50s were measured on 14 cold-hardened cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) to determine their usefulness in winter survival prediction tests. Differences among genotypes with a range of cold hardiness potential (LT50 −13 °C to −20 °C) were significant for 6 to 10 characters evaluated. Crown LT50 was the best prediction of field survival (FSI). Cell sap viscosity, total crown nitrogen, crown ethanol, insoluble nitrogen, and crown uronic acid were highly correlated with both FSI and LT50. Proline, pH and ATP were not significantly correlated with either FSI or LT50.Key words: Chemical tests, selection, winterhardiness, wheat

COLD HARDINESS OF WINTER WHEAT TILLERS ACCLIMATED UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. LEGGE ◽  
D. B. FOWLER ◽  
L. V. GUSTA
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Cold Hardy

The cold hardiness of tillers separated from the plant immediately before freezing (CTM) or left intact on the crown (ICM) was determined by artificial freeze tests on two sampling dates for four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars acclimated in the field. Plants with 9 and 13 tillers excluding coleoptile tillers were selected in mid-October and at the end of October, respectively. No differences in lethal dose temperature (LT50) were detected among CTM or ICM tillers sampled in mid-October. The three youngest CTM tillers sampled at the end of October were less cold hardy than older tillers. However, younger CTM tillers did not survive the unfrozen control treatment as well as older tillers. ICM tillers sampled at the end of October had the same LT50 except for one of the older tillers. No correlation was found between either the moisture content or dry weight and the LT50 of tillers. Winter survival of tillers was evaluated for two cultivars in the spring. Tillers of intermediate age and two of the youngest tillers had the highest survival rates. Tiller regeneration from axillary buds rather than the apical meristem occurred following cold stress and was negatively correlated to tiller emergence date. It was concluded that differences in cold hardiness among tillers must be taken into consideration if tillers are utilized to estimate the LT50 of a plant.Key words: Cold hardiness, tillers, winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., developmental stage, moisture content

CHANGES IN COLD HARDINESS OF OVERWINTERING WINTER WHEAT

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
M. K. POMEROY ◽  
I. A. DE LA ROCHE
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Wheat Cultivars

Plantings of Rideau and Cappelle Desprez winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were made on 12, 21, and 28 September 1972, and sampled for cold hardiness and survival throughout the fall, winter, and spring. Samplings in winter from frozen soil were made with the aid of a concrete chipper with a vertically oscillating blade. Both wheat cultivars hardened rapidly in fall but the decline in hardiness and vigor under ice during winter was more rapid in Cappelle Desprez plants. Rideau plants rehardened after thawing of the ice cover. The greater hardiness and survival of Rideau plants was due possibly to their lower metabolic rate and consequent energy conservation under ice cover.

EFFECT OF RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID ON COLD HARDINESS AND WINTERKILL OF OVERWINTERING WINTER WHEAT

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. THOMAS ◽  
R. A. BUTTS
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Russian Wheat Aphid ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Risk Of Fall ◽  
Cold Hardy

Russian wheat aphid (RWA) (Diruaphis noxia (Mordvilko)) is a new and cold-hardy pest of temperate cereals in western Canada. In view of the risk of fall infestation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), this study was made to establish whether feeding by RWA can interfere with cold hardening and plant survival of overwintering winter wheat. Feeding by RWA significantly increased the LT50 of field-hardened Norstar winter wheat by + 2 to + 4 °C. Application of 400 g (a.i.) ha−1 of the insecticide chlorpyrifos in mid-October to control severe RWA infestations in two different fields of Norstar winter wheat significantly improved winter survival of the crop. The pattern of winterkill within the two fields suggested that this protective effect of chlorpyrifos was greatest in areas where microtopography resulted in the least accumulations of snow and cold stress was most intense. It was concluded that heavy RWA infestation in the fall significantly reduced freezing tolerance of winter wheat and increased the likelihood of winterkilling of the crop by severe cold.Key words: Winter survival, cold hardening, Diuraphis noxia, insecticide, chlorpyrifos, Triticum aestivum, crop damage

RELATIONSHIP OF PLANT WATER CONTENT AND WINTERHARDINESS OF WINTER WHEAT AND FALL RYE GROWN IN ATLANTIC CANADA

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. NASS
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Better Than

The percent plant water was determined over a 6-yr period on plants of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and fall rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivars of a number of yield tests grown on Prince Edward Island. There were year-to-year variations in plant water content within cultivars. A negative correlation was obtained between percent plant water and winterhardiness. Generally, correlations of percent plant water with winterhardiness rating were better than with annual field survival. In some years percent plant water did not correlate with either field survival or winterhardiness rating. Plant water content was correlated with long-term winterhardiness rating during years when little or no winterkilling occurred.Key words: Winter wheat, fall rye, plant water

PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH WINTER SURVIVAL OF WINTER WHEATS AND WINTER TRITICALES IN ALBERTA

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. McINTYRE ◽  
T. H. H. CHEN ◽  
M. F. MEDERICK
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
X Triticosecale ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
X Triticosecale Wittmack

Several traits have been measured as indices for winter hardiness in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell). Published information on the response of winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) to these traits is limited. In this study LT50, water content, fresh weight, dry weight and total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) were determined for cold acclimated crowns of 10 breeding lines of T. aestivum and 18 of triticale. The T. aestivum lines evaluated were hardier than the triticale and LT50 appeared to be a reliable predictor of field survival (FSI). Correlations between LT50 and FSI were significant for both species. Correlation coefficients between traits measured differed between species. In triticale, correlations between dry weight, water content and LT50 were significant. In T. aestivum water content correlated closest with LT50. The relationship between TSC and FSI appeared to differ between the two species.Key words: X Triticosecale Wittmack, Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell, wheat (winter), cold hardiness, primary triticale, secondary triticale

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