Effect of Design Variation on Service Stresses in Railroad Wheels

1968 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Bruner ◽  
R. D. Jones ◽  
Samuel Levy ◽  
J. M. Wandrisco
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Railroad Wheel ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Design For All ◽  
Optimizing Design ◽  
Design Variation ◽  
Service Conditions ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Railroad Wheels ◽  
Abnormal Operating Conditions

The satisfactory performance of a railroad wheel depends on its ability to withstand not only the repeated stresses imposed on it by normal loads and braking conditions, but also the occasional high stresses that develop under abnormal operating conditions. The continuing trend of present railroad operating practices toward higher wheel loads and speeds has created the need for better design criteria to insure that wheel configurations are the best attainable. Under sponsorship of the American Iron and Steel Institute, the General Electric Company developed computer programs to simulate service braking and loading conditions. These were reported at the 1965 ASME Winter Annual Meeting. Now the programs have been applied to different wheel designs and the braking and loading stresses computed. The results indicate that cyclic stresses of significant magnitude may occur under different operating conditions, so fatigue concepts are important in wheel design considerations. There was no one optimum wheel design for all possible service conditions, although several configurations showed promise. A method was proposed for optimizing design for specific service conditions to safeguard against fatigue damage. To fully utilize this technique for design optimization, accurate data relating to service conditions are needed.

A Computer Program for Determining the Effect of Design Variation on Service Stresses in Railroad Wheels

1966 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm S. Riegel ◽  
Samuel Levy ◽  
John A. Sliter
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Stress ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Brake Shoe ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Railroad Industry ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Computer Analyses ◽  
Design Variation ◽  
Tractional Forces ◽  
Railroad Wheels

Two computer analyses have been prepared relating service stresses in railroad wheels to wheel shape and dimensions. One program computes the temperature distribution and stresses due to heat input by brake shoe friction at the wheel tread. The other computes stresses due to lateral, vertical, and tractional forces between the wheel and rail. Both programs have been validated for certain known conditions using theoretical solutions and are in agreement with available design and experimental stress data to the degree that differences in wheel geometry and loading conditions permit a comparison with experimental stress data. The next step contemplated is better experimental confirmation by computations for specific wheels and loadings for which test results are available and use of the programs to study trends resulting from, changes in wheel geometry and dimensions. This work is directed toward optimization of wheel design, and elucidation of the nature and specific effects of excessive service loads. This research program is being sponsored at General Electric by the manufacturers of wrought steel wheels, through the American Iron and Steel Institute, as a service to the American railroad industry.

Process Safety for Sustainable Applications

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150033
Author(s):  
Alexander Stolar ◽  
Anton Friedl
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Process Safety ◽  
Implementation Effort ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
System Improvement ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Universal Applicability ◽  
Abnormal Operating Conditions ◽  
Business Sectors

Process safety techniques have been used in industry for decades to make processes and systems safer and to optimize them, and thus to improve sustainability. Their main aim is to prevent damage to people, equipment and the environment. In this overview, process safety and risk management techniques are shown that can be applied in the different life cycle phases of an application without much implementation effort. A broad and universal applicability in a wide range of business sectors is set as the main focus. In addition to the application of system improvement techniques, a number of additional considerations, such as maintenance and the consideration of abnormal operating conditions, are included in order to be able to comprehensively improve a system or application.

Corrosion and Wear Resistant Boronizing for Tubulars and Components Used Down-Hole

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Machado ◽  
Paola Andrea de Sales Bastos ◽  
Danny Daniel Socorro Royero ◽  
Eugene Medvedovski
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Chemical Vapour ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Material Loss ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Dimensional Changes ◽  
Wear And Corrosion ◽  
Service Conditions

Abstract Components and tubulars in down-hole applications for oil and gas production must withstand severe wear (e.g. erosion, abrasion, rod wear) and corrosion environments. These challenges can be addressed through boronizing of steels achieved employing chemical vapour deposition-based process. This process permits protection of the entire working surfaces of production tubulars up to 12m in length, as well as various sizes of complex shaped components. The performance of these tubulars and components have been evaluated in abrasion, erosion, and corrosion conditions simulating the environment and service conditions experienced in down-hole oil and gas production. Harsh service conditions are very common in the oil industry and the combination of abrasion, friction-induced wear, erosion, and corrosion environments can be quite normal in wells producing with the assistance of artificial lift methods. The boronized steel products demonstrated significantly higher performance in terms of material loss when exposed to harsh operating conditions granting a significant extension of the component service life in wear and corrosion environments. As opposed to many coating technologies, the boronizing process provides high integrity finished products without spalling or delamination on the working surface and minimal dimensional changes. Successful application of tubulars and components with the iron boride protective layer in oil and gas production will be discussed and presented.

A Solution to CT Saturation by Gregory Newton's Backward Interpolation

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukanta Das ◽  
Gautam Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Prasid Syam
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Mother Wavelet ◽  
Secondary Current ◽  
Steel Core ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Controller Board ◽  
Abnormal Operating Conditions ◽  
Secondary Side ◽  
Primary Current

Saturation problem in steel core Current Transformers (CTs) causes dreadful effects in protection systems as true replica of the primary current is not always reflected in CT secondary side under abnormal operating conditions. This is why detection and production of exact replica of primary current in the CT secondary side is very crucial. This paper presents a discrete wavelet transform based application using 'Daubechies3’ as mother wavelet for the detection of saturation. The compensation of saturated signal is done by Gregory Newton's Backward Interpolation (GNBI). The whole scheme of detection of CT saturation and compensation of saturated CT secondary current has been successfully tested on various saturated signals simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK with various case studies. Finally, the scheme is validated in real time using DS1104 controller board of dSPACE. The results obtained are very encouraging.

Fundamental Evaluation of Thermal Crack Resistance for Wheel Fracture Prevention

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruo Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Crack Resistance ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Railroad Wheel ◽  
Special Device ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Thermal Crack ◽  
Critical Crack Length ◽  
New Device ◽  
Railroad Wheels

This paper presents a method for the thermal crack evaluation of railroad wheel materials and the results. The research investigated the basic thermal crack resistance as a low cycle fatigue behavior in terms of Δεt-Ni and da/dN-ΔK. In order to be able to evaluate such material characteristics in service by experimentation, reproducible conditions such as similar stress-strain, temperature rise, and damage morphology are required. The methods proposed in the past for high temperature low cycle fatigue or thermal shock such as Coffin’s and Manson’s methods do not provide the above conditions at the same time for thermal cracks in railroad wheels. The material design to avoid such thermal damages has not yet been established. Therefore, a simple brake tester with a special device for measuring radial deflection converted into strain was designed and manufactured. The relations of Δεt-Ni and da/dN-ΔK, which have not been clarified for thermal crack behavior in railroad wheels, were obtained for wheel materials by experiment using this new device. To predict the life of a wheel, one must know the real service conditions from field measurements. Once the histogram of the initial brake speed, intensity of brake application, and number of brakings from the initial speed is obtained, the histogram can be converted into the relation of strain range and number of cycles. The calculation of cycles for crack origination and propagation is possible based on the experimental results on Δεt-Ni and da/dN-ΔK. From the material data of fracture toughness and possible residual stress value in the field, the critical crack length for wheel fracture can be then estimated, and the life from the cycles to the critical length is estimated. This method will provide the appropriate maintenance schedule to prevent wheel fracture.

Considerations for Training Simulations of Liquid Pipelines

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Christie ◽  
David Norris
Keyword(s):  
Capital Cost ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Training Environment ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Scada System ◽  
Flow Charts ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Abnormal Operating Conditions

The use of integrated offline training simulators within the liquids pipeline community has not been widespread. Some companies opt to use a stand-alone generic pipeline simulation, which has advantages of ease of set up and offer relatively lower capital cost. They can also be effective in training on basic hydraulics under both normal and abnormal operating conditions. However, since they do not train on the actual pipeline system of the company, trainees do not learn any of the specifics of their company’s pipeline. Also, if the system is not interfaced to the pipeline SCADA system, trainees may have difficulty transferring what they have learned into their day to day control of the pipeline. This paper outlines the major considerations for ensuring that the offline training environment is as a realistic depiction of the actual pipeline control center as possible. Techniques and guidelines, such as Gap analyses, cause & effect diagrams, and flow charts are presented.

First Generation Graz Cycle Power Plant for Near-Term Deployment

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Sanz ◽  
Carl-W. Hustad ◽  
H. Jericha
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Design For All ◽  
Demonstration Plant ◽  
Zero Emission ◽  
Near Term ◽  
The U.S

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a recognized technology pathway to curb the increasing emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the power generation sector. But most available technologies are still on the study or laboratory-scale level, so that considerable R&D efforts are needed to achieve commercialization level. The Graz Cycle originally presented in 1995 by Jericha [1] is an oxyfuel technology and promises highest efficiency using state-of-the-art turbine materials and improved thermodynamic developments in a comparatively complex interaction of rotating machinery, condensers and heat exchanger components. But although detailed conceptual design for all main components has been presented, there is still a large step towards a Graz Cycle pilot demonstration plant. In order to facilitate construction of a demonstration plant we consider the performance of a near-term Graz Cycle process design based on modest cycle data and available turbomachinery components using a simplified flow scheme. The work is supported by on-going development work for a first generation oxyfuel turbine that has already been undertaken by Clean Energy Systems, Inc. [2]. Their further work on a second generation oxyfuel turbine received $30 million funding support from the U.S. Department of Energy in September 2010 [3]. Two near-term Graz Cycle plants are presented based on basic and advanced operating conditions of the proposed commercially available turbine. Besides the turbine the additional equipment for a first-generation cycle is discussed. The predicted optimum net efficiency is 23.2% (HHV). A near-term zero-emission power plant can only be commercially attractive if it will be deployed in a niche market. Therefore an economic analysis commensurate with an early pre-FEED conceptual study is carried out for the U.S. Gulf Coast where revenue from multiple product streams that could include power, steam, CO2 and water, as well as argon and (potentially) nitrogen from the ASU is provided. The economic analysis suggests that a capital investment of $94 million can secure construction of a 13.2 MWe zero emission oxyfuel power plant and yield a 14.5% (unlevered) return on capital invested.

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