Considerations for Training Simulations of Liquid Pipelines

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Christie ◽  
David Norris
Keyword(s):  
Capital Cost ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Training Environment ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Scada System ◽  
Flow Charts ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Abnormal Operating Conditions

The use of integrated offline training simulators within the liquids pipeline community has not been widespread. Some companies opt to use a stand-alone generic pipeline simulation, which has advantages of ease of set up and offer relatively lower capital cost. They can also be effective in training on basic hydraulics under both normal and abnormal operating conditions. However, since they do not train on the actual pipeline system of the company, trainees do not learn any of the specifics of their company’s pipeline. Also, if the system is not interfaced to the pipeline SCADA system, trainees may have difficulty transferring what they have learned into their day to day control of the pipeline. This paper outlines the major considerations for ensuring that the offline training environment is as a realistic depiction of the actual pipeline control center as possible. Techniques and guidelines, such as Gap analyses, cause & effect diagrams, and flow charts are presented.

Pressure Surge Relief Options in Terminal Design

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan X. L. Zhou ◽  
Victor Cabrejo ◽  
David Yu
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Pressure Relief ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Pressure Surge ◽  
Terminal Design ◽  
Abnormal Operating Conditions ◽  
Relief System

Terminals are an integral part of a pipeline system. Typically, petroleum products are transported from an initiating terminal to various delivery terminals along the pipeline. Operation safety is paramount in transporting petroleum products in the pipeline industry. Safety can affect the performance and economics of a pipeline system. While effective operation safety requires well-trained operators, operational procedures, and compliance with regulatory requirements, the best way to ensure operation safety is to implement safety systems during the design stage of the pipeline system. A pressure relief system is an important component of an engineered safety system. This system is intended to prevent catastrophic failure of the transport system due to overpressure conditions that can occur under abnormal operating conditions. This paper discusses pressure surge relief as it applies to the design of pipeline terminals. Different pressure surge relief devices such as pressure relief valves and pressure surge vessels are considered and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The effects of transport rates, piping configurations, and other equipment operation, such as pumps and valves, on pressure surge relief system, are evaluated. One of the primary objectives of this paper is to discuss pressure surge events, device simulations, and key parameters to consider when selecting a pressure surge relief system for a terminal design to ensure that the piping system and hydraulic components remain safe during abnormal operating conditions. Although the analyses presented in this paper are applicable across a broad range of operating conditions and equipment and devices in terminal system designs, it is not possible to cover all situations. As such, sound engineering principles and engineering judgment should always be applied in an engineering design.

scholarly journals SCADA Designs: The Evolution of the User Interface for the Pipeline Industry

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad G. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Present System ◽  
Scada System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scada Systems ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
High Standards ◽  
Pipeline Design

This paper will discuss some of the key features that have been implemented in the user interface component of IPL Energy’s Pipeline Control System (PCS). IPL Energy operates the world’s largest crude oil and liquid pipeline system. In 1968, IPL Energy became one of the first pipeline companies in the world to implement computer based control of its pipeline systems, commonly referred to as SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition). Since then, the SCADA system has been continually modified and improved in order to achieve high standards of reliability, safety, and operator functionality. Unlike other SCADA systems, PCS has been developed from the ground up drawing from a wide range of experience and expertise in pipeline design, control, and operation. A brief overview of the past generations of SCADA systems will show how the user interface has evolved into the present system. The focus of the discussion will be on the Line Display, a single screen that can be used to operate a particular pipeline. The Line Display is the main operating screen used to control the pipeline and provides the operator with the current operating conditions, including operating pressures, pump statuses, and important alarms.

Evaluation of Pipeline Control Center Operator Skills Utilizing High Fidelity Pipeline Simulation Technology

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Fradette
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Department Of Transportation ◽  
Simulation Technology ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Application System ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Abnormal Operating Conditions ◽  
Skill Evaluation

The U.S. Department of Transportation Operator Qualification Rule requires pipeline Control Center Operators to be evaluated on their ability to perform “covered tasks”, and recognize / react to abnormal operating conditions. ChevronTexaco has chosen to utilize pipeline simulation technology as a skill evaluation tool for its Control Center Operators. Metso Automation was selected to provide the pipeline simulation-based evaluation system. This paper provides an overview of the pipeline simulation application system that was selected and implemented by ChevronTexaco.

scholarly journals A 2-D model for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Preliminarily Validated on Local Values

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Conti ◽  
Barbara Bosio ◽  
Stephen John McPhail ◽  
Francesca Santoni ◽  
Davide Pumiglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Solid Oxide ◽  
Intermediate Temperature ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
Oxide Fuel ◽  
Molten Carbonate ◽  
Experimental Apparatus ◽  
Set Up

Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC) technology offers interesting opportunities in the panorama of a larger penetration of renewable and distributed power generation, namely high electrical efficiency at manageable scales for both remote and industrial applications. In order to optimize the performance and the operating conditions of such a pre-commercial technology, an effective synergy between experimentation and simulation is fundamental. For this purpose, starting from the SIMFC (SIMulation of Fuel Cells) code set-up and successfully validated for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells, a new version of the code has been developed for IT-SOFCs. The new release of the code allows the calculation of the maps of the main electrical, chemical, and physical parameters on the cell plane of planar IT-SOFCs fed in co-flow. A semi-empirical kinetic formulation has been set-up, identifying the related parameters thanks to a devoted series of experiments, and integrated in SIMFC. Thanks to a multi-sampling innovative experimental apparatus the simultaneous measurement of temperature and gas composition on the cell plane was possible, so that a preliminary validation of the model on local values was carried out. A good agreement between experimental and simulated data was achieved in terms of cell voltages and local temperatures, but also, for the first time, in terms of local concentration on the cell plane, encouraging further developments. This numerical tool is proposed for a better interpretation of the phenomena occurring in IT-SOFCs and a consequential optimization of their performance.

Artificial Neural Networks Used As a Rule Selector for Fuzzy Logic Controllers

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shou-Heng Huang ◽  
Ron M. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Delta Rule ◽  
Rule Sets ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Control

Abstract A feedforward, three-layer, partially-connected artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed to be used as a rule selector for a rule-based fuzzy logic controller. This will allow the controller to adapt to various control modes and operating conditions for different plants. A principal advantage of an ANN over a look up table is that the ANN can make good estimates to fill in for missing data. The control modes, operating conditions, and control rule sets are encoded into binary numbers as the inputs and outputs for the ANN. The General Delta Rule is used in the backpropagation learning process to update the ANN weights. The proposed ANN has a simple topological structure and results in a simple analysis and relatively easy implementation. The average square error and the maximal absolute error are used to judge if the correct connections between neurons are set up. Computer simulations are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this ANN as a rule selector.

Process Safety for Sustainable Applications

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150033
Author(s):  
Alexander Stolar ◽  
Anton Friedl
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Process Safety ◽  
Implementation Effort ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
System Improvement ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Universal Applicability ◽  
Abnormal Operating Conditions ◽  
Business Sectors

Process safety techniques have been used in industry for decades to make processes and systems safer and to optimize them, and thus to improve sustainability. Their main aim is to prevent damage to people, equipment and the environment. In this overview, process safety and risk management techniques are shown that can be applied in the different life cycle phases of an application without much implementation effort. A broad and universal applicability in a wide range of business sectors is set as the main focus. In addition to the application of system improvement techniques, a number of additional considerations, such as maintenance and the consideration of abnormal operating conditions, are included in order to be able to comprehensively improve a system or application.

Solar Gasification of Biomass: A Molten Salt Pyrolysis Study

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 850-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Adinberg ◽  
Michael Epstein ◽  
Jacob Karni
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Salt Medium ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Temperature Liquid ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Biomass Particles ◽  
Pyrolysis Of Biomass

A novel solar process and reactor for thermochemical conversion of biomass to synthesis gas is described. The concept is based on dispersion of biomass particles in a molten inorganic salt medium and, simultaneously, absorbing, storing and transferring solar energy needed to perform pyrolysis reactions in the high-temperature liquid phase. A lab-scale reactor filled with carbonates of potassium and sodium was set up to study the kinetics of fast pyrolysis and the characteristics of transient heat transfer for cellulose particles (few millimeters size) introduced into the molten salt medium. The operating conditions were reaction temperatures of 1073–1188 K and a particle peak-heating rate of 100 K/sec. The assessments performed for a commercial-scale solar reactor demonstrate that pyrolysis of biomass particles dispersed in a molten salt phase could be a feasible option for the continuous, round-the-clock production of syngas, using solar energy only.

scholarly journals Kryzys filozofii polityki

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 23-42
Author(s):  
Barbara Markowska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Theoretical Consideration ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Decisive Factor ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Leo Strauss ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Scholarly Pursuit

The purport of the article is a reflection on the operating conditions of the philosophy of politics, beginning with its crisis, as described by Leo Strauss in the early 20th century and continuing up to the latest proposals, which emerged at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. First, the author poses a question regarding the essence of this crisis; was it related to the scientific paradigm of the philosophy of politics applied hitherto or, rather, to the very subject matter of this scholarly pursuit, which is to say, to politics itself. A scientific discipline must be able to delineate its subject matter and if the latter undergoes an unexpected modification, the former suffers a crisis. Was this what happened to politics itself? What was the decisive factor which caused it to escape a theoretical consideration that ceased to be a systematic reflection, in short, ceased to be science, only to become philosophy again, whereby the author understands ‘philosophy’ as a level of reflection such as to allow itself to posit subliminal questions purely in order to set up the determinants for further thinking as to what science is, what politics is and what makes politics different from non-politics.

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