scholarly journals Effect of Turgor Pressure and Cell Size on the Wall Elasticity of Plant Cells

1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst Steudle ◽  
Ulrich Zimmermann ◽  
Ulrich Lüttge
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Cells

scholarly journals Cell Wall-Related Bionumbers and Bioestimates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frans M. Klis ◽  
Chris G. de Koster ◽  
Stanley Brul
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Starting Point

ABSTRACTBionumbers and bioestimates are valuable tools in biological research. Here we focus on cell wall-related bionumbers and bioestimates of the budding yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaeand the polymorphic, pathogenic fungusCandida albicans. We discuss the linear relationship between cell size and cell ploidy, the correlation between cell size and specific growth rate, the effect of turgor pressure on cell size, and the reason why using fixed cells for measuring cellular dimensions can result in serious underestimation ofin vivovalues. We further consider the evidence that individual buds and hyphae grow linearly and that exponential growth of the population results from regular formation of new daughter cells and regular hyphal branching. Our calculations show that hyphal growth allowsC. albicansto cover much larger distances per unit of time than the yeast mode of growth and that this is accompanied by strongly increased surface expansion rates. We therefore predict that the transcript levels of genes involved in wall formation increase during hyphal growth. Interestingly, wall proteins and polysaccharides seem barely, if at all, subject to turnover and replacement. A general lesson is how strongly most bionumbers and bioestimates depend on environmental conditions and genetic background, thus reemphasizing the importance of well-defined and carefully chosen culture conditions and experimental approaches. Finally, we propose that the numbers and estimates described here offer a solid starting point for similar studies of other cell compartments and other yeast species.

scholarly journals Structure and Biomechanics during Xylem Vessel Transdifferentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1715
Author(s):  
Eleftheria Roumeli ◽  
Leah Ginsberg ◽  
Robin McDonald ◽  
Giada Spigolon ◽  
Rodinde Hendrickx ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Xylem Vessel ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Vessel Elements

Individual plant cells are the building blocks for all plantae and artificially constructed plant biomaterials, like biocomposites. Secondary cell walls (SCWs) are a key component for mediating mechanical strength and stiffness in both living vascular plants and biocomposite materials. In this paper, we study the structure and biomechanics of cultured plant cells during the cellular developmental stages associated with SCW formation. We use a model culture system that induces transdifferentiation of Arabidopsis thaliana cells to xylem vessel elements, upon treatment with dexamethasone (DEX). We group the transdifferentiation process into three distinct stages, based on morphological observations of the cell walls. The first stage includes cells with only a primary cell wall (PCW), the second covers cells that have formed a SCW, and the third stage includes cells with a ruptured tonoplast and partially or fully degraded PCW. We adopt a multi-scale approach to study the mechanical properties of cells in these three stages. We perform large-scale indentations with a micro-compression system in three different osmotic conditions. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoscale indentations in water allow us to isolate the cell wall response. We propose a spring-based model to deconvolve the competing stiffness contributions from turgor pressure, PCW, SCW and cytoplasm in the stiffness of differentiating cells. Prior to triggering differentiation, cells in hypotonic pressure conditions are significantly stiffer than cells in isotonic or hypertonic conditions, highlighting the dominant role of turgor pressure. Plasmolyzed cells with a SCW reach similar levels of stiffness as cells with maximum turgor pressure. The stiffness of the PCW in all of these conditions is lower than the stiffness of the fully-formed SCW. Our results provide the first experimental characterization of the mechanics of SCW formation at single cell level.

scholarly journals The Arabidopsis alkaline ceramidase TOD1 is a key turgor pressure regulator in plant cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Yu Chen ◽  
Dong-Qiao Shi ◽  
Wen-Juan Zhang ◽  
Zuo-Shun Tang ◽  
Jie Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Pressure Regulator

Cell size of proliferating plant cells increases with temperature: Implications in the control of cell division

1989 ◽  
Vol 185 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Cuadrado ◽  
Matilde H. Navarrete ◽  
Jose L. Canovas
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Plant Cells

Ball Tonometry: A Rapid, Nondestructive Method for Measuring Cell Turgor Pressure in Thin-Walled Plant Cells

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M. Lintilhac ◽  
Chunfang Wei ◽  
Jason J. Tanguay ◽  
John O. Outwater
Keyword(s):  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Nondestructive Method ◽  
Measuring Cell ◽  
Cell Turgor ◽  
Thin Walled

The Filter-Feeding of Artemia

1963 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-205
Author(s):  
M. R. REEVE
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Cell Concentration ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
A Value ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Constant Maximum ◽  
Maximum Ingestion Rate

1. The rates of filtration and of ingestion have been studied in Artemia of different ages feeding on pure cultures of plant cells of three different species, the concentrations of cells being varied over two orders of magnitude. 2. The animal is capable of regulating its rate of feeding in such a way that, as the cell concentration increases, the filtration rate maintains a constant maximum value while the ingestion rate increases. When the concentration reaches a value at which a constant maximum ingestion rate is attained, the filtration rate falls off. 3. In older animals the maximum ingestion rate is reached at a lower cell concentration than in younger animals. 4. The maximum filtration rate is independent of cell size. The maximum ingestion rate is inversely related to cell size, the total volume of cells ingested being the same for three species of plant cells. 5. The means whereby the animal maintains a maximum rate of total volume of cells ingested per unit time, irrespective of their size, has been investigated and is discussed.

Effect of Properties and Turgor Pressure on the Indentation Response of Plant Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viggo Tvergaard ◽  
Alan Needleman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Indentation Hardness ◽  
Viscoelastic Solid ◽  
Rapid Decay ◽  
Depth Response

The indentation of plant cells by a conical indenter is modeled. The cell wall is represented as a spherical shell consisting of a relatively stiff thin outer layer and a softer thicker inner layer. The state of the interior of the cell is idealized as a specified turgor pressure. Attention is restricted to axisymmetric deformations, and the wall material is characterized as a viscoelastic solid with different properties for the inner and outer layers. Finite deformation, quasi-static calculations are carried out. The effects of outer layer stiffness, outer layer thickness, turgor pressure, indenter sharpness, cell wall thickness, and loading rate on the indentation hardness are considered. The calculations indicate that the small indenter depth response is dominated by the cell wall material properties, whereas for a sufficiently large indenter depth, the value of the turgor pressure plays a major role. The indentation hardness is found to increase approximately linearly with a measure of indenter sharpness over the range considered. The value of the indentation hardness is affected by the rate of indentation, with a much more rapid decay of the hardness for slow loading, because there is more time for viscous relaxation during indentation.

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