Compartment analysis of plant cells by means of turgor pressure relaxation: I. Theoretical considerations

1985 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Wendler ◽  
Ulrich Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Compartment Analysis ◽  
Pressure Relaxation ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

scholarly journals Structure and Biomechanics during Xylem Vessel Transdifferentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1715
Author(s):  
Eleftheria Roumeli ◽  
Leah Ginsberg ◽  
Robin McDonald ◽  
Giada Spigolon ◽  
Rodinde Hendrickx ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Xylem Vessel ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Vessel Elements

Individual plant cells are the building blocks for all plantae and artificially constructed plant biomaterials, like biocomposites. Secondary cell walls (SCWs) are a key component for mediating mechanical strength and stiffness in both living vascular plants and biocomposite materials. In this paper, we study the structure and biomechanics of cultured plant cells during the cellular developmental stages associated with SCW formation. We use a model culture system that induces transdifferentiation of Arabidopsis thaliana cells to xylem vessel elements, upon treatment with dexamethasone (DEX). We group the transdifferentiation process into three distinct stages, based on morphological observations of the cell walls. The first stage includes cells with only a primary cell wall (PCW), the second covers cells that have formed a SCW, and the third stage includes cells with a ruptured tonoplast and partially or fully degraded PCW. We adopt a multi-scale approach to study the mechanical properties of cells in these three stages. We perform large-scale indentations with a micro-compression system in three different osmotic conditions. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoscale indentations in water allow us to isolate the cell wall response. We propose a spring-based model to deconvolve the competing stiffness contributions from turgor pressure, PCW, SCW and cytoplasm in the stiffness of differentiating cells. Prior to triggering differentiation, cells in hypotonic pressure conditions are significantly stiffer than cells in isotonic or hypertonic conditions, highlighting the dominant role of turgor pressure. Plasmolyzed cells with a SCW reach similar levels of stiffness as cells with maximum turgor pressure. The stiffness of the PCW in all of these conditions is lower than the stiffness of the fully-formed SCW. Our results provide the first experimental characterization of the mechanics of SCW formation at single cell level.

scholarly journals The Arabidopsis alkaline ceramidase TOD1 is a key turgor pressure regulator in plant cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Yu Chen ◽  
Dong-Qiao Shi ◽  
Wen-Juan Zhang ◽  
Zuo-Shun Tang ◽  
Jie Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Pressure Regulator

Ball Tonometry: A Rapid, Nondestructive Method for Measuring Cell Turgor Pressure in Thin-Walled Plant Cells

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M. Lintilhac ◽  
Chunfang Wei ◽  
Jason J. Tanguay ◽  
John O. Outwater
Keyword(s):  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Nondestructive Method ◽  
Measuring Cell ◽  
Cell Turgor ◽  
Thin Walled

scholarly journals Effect of Turgor Pressure and Cell Size on the Wall Elasticity of Plant Cells

1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst Steudle ◽  
Ulrich Zimmermann ◽  
Ulrich Lüttge
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Cells

Effect of Properties and Turgor Pressure on the Indentation Response of Plant Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viggo Tvergaard ◽  
Alan Needleman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Indentation Hardness ◽  
Viscoelastic Solid ◽  
Rapid Decay ◽  
Depth Response

The indentation of plant cells by a conical indenter is modeled. The cell wall is represented as a spherical shell consisting of a relatively stiff thin outer layer and a softer thicker inner layer. The state of the interior of the cell is idealized as a specified turgor pressure. Attention is restricted to axisymmetric deformations, and the wall material is characterized as a viscoelastic solid with different properties for the inner and outer layers. Finite deformation, quasi-static calculations are carried out. The effects of outer layer stiffness, outer layer thickness, turgor pressure, indenter sharpness, cell wall thickness, and loading rate on the indentation hardness are considered. The calculations indicate that the small indenter depth response is dominated by the cell wall material properties, whereas for a sufficiently large indenter depth, the value of the turgor pressure plays a major role. The indentation hardness is found to increase approximately linearly with a measure of indenter sharpness over the range considered. The value of the indentation hardness is affected by the rate of indentation, with a much more rapid decay of the hardness for slow loading, because there is more time for viscous relaxation during indentation.

scholarly journals Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring of Dynamic Viscoelastic Changes of Tobacco BY-2 Cells under Different Osmotic Conditions

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Zongxing Chen ◽  
Tiean Zhou ◽  
Jiajin Hu ◽  
Haifeng Duan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Quartz Crystal Microbalance ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Quartz Crystal ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Dynamic Monitoring ◽  
Cellular Structures ◽  
Living Plant

The plant cell mechanics, including turgor pressure and wall mechanical properties, not only determine the growth of plant cells, but also reflect the functional and structural changes of plant cells under biotic and abiotic stresses. However, there are currently no appropriate techniques allowing to monitor the complex mechanical properties of living plant cells non-invasively and continuously. In this work, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring technique with overtones (3–9) was used for the dynamic monitoring of adhesions of living tobacco BY-2 cells onto positively charged N,N-dimethyl-N-propenyl-2-propen-1-aminiumchloride homopolymer (PDADMAC)/SiO2 QCM crystals under different concentrations of mannitol (CM) and the subsequent effects of osmotic stresses. The cell viscoelastic index (CVIn) (CVIn = ΔD⋅n/ΔF) was used to characterize the viscoelastic properties of BY-2 cells under different osmotic conditions. Our results indicated that lower overtones of QCM could detect both the cell wall and cytoskeleton structures allowing the detection of plasmolysis phenomena; whereas higher overtones could only detect the cell wall’s mechanical properties. The QCM results were further discussed with the morphological changes of the BY-2 cells by an optical microscopy. The dynamic changes of cell’s generated forces or cellular structures of plant cells caused by external stimuli (or stresses) can be traced by non-destructive and dynamic monitoring of cells’ viscoelasticity, which provides a new way for the characterization and study of plant cells. QCM-D could map viscoelastic properties of different cellular structures in living cells and could be used as a new tool to test the mechanical properties of plant cells.

Transduction of Turgor Pressure by Cell Membrane Compression

1976 ◽  
Vol 31 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 461-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.G.L. Coster ◽  
U. Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Electrical Breakdown ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Membrane Thickness ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Pressure Sensing

Abstract It is suggested that turgor pressure sensing in plant cells occurs via compression of the cell membranes; either at the plasmalemma where a pressure gradient exists, or the tonoplast due to the pressure developed inside the cell. Considerations of electro-mechanical forces in electrical breakdown of cells suggests that significant changes in the thickness of some regions of the membrane can indeed occur. It is readily envisaged how such changes in membrane thickness can be coupled to changes in active transport processes.

scholarly journals Mathematical model for tissue stresses in growing plant cells and organs

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Mariusz Pietruszka ◽  
Sylwia Lewicka
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Equilibrium Equation ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Analytic Solutions ◽  
Simple Mathematical Model ◽  
Single Plant ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Good Starting Point ◽  
Tissue Stresses

In this study we propose a simple mathematical model based on the equilibrium equation for the materials deformed elastically. Owing to the turgor pressure of the cells, the peripheral walls of the outer tissue are under tension, while the extensible inner tissue is under compression. This well known properties of growing multicellular plant organs can be derived from the equation for equilibrium. The analytic solutions may serve as a good starting point for modeling the growth of a single plant cell or an organ.

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