Particle Size Index for Wheat Hardness

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
AACC Technical
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Size Index

Influence of some digestive processes on the digestion by cattle of cereal grain fed whole

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (90) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Toland
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Hard Wheat ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Size Index

Pen studies were conducted with cattle in which the digestibility, rate of fermentation, site of digestion and grain loss in faeces were measured in diets comprising 4.8 kg of one or other of four cereal grains together with 2.4 kg of pasture hay. The cereals were Avon oats, Swan oats, Olympic wheat and Emblem wheat with natural weights of 48.3, 60.5, 81.3 and 78.8 kg hl-1 and particle size index 24, 35, 31 and 14, respectively. The apparent in vivo digestibility of Avon and Swan oats of 71.9 and 74.6 did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). However, there was significantly less grain cracked during initial mastication (12.5 vs. 19.2 per cent and a lower percentage of grain voided in faeces (4.3 vs. 9.3) for Avon compared with Swan oats (P < 0.05). The in vivo digestibility of wheat grain was significantly higher for Olympic than for Emblem (77.5 vs. 72.6 per cent) ;these performances were accompanied by lower percentages of grain cracked during initial mastication (17.0 vs. 22.3) and less whole grain DM voided in faeces (14.6 vs. 18.4 per cent) for Olympic compared with Emblem (P < 0.05). The major difference in the digestion of oat and wheat varieties was that rumination accounted for a high proportion of the breakdown of oat grain whereas the wheat varieties were digested by rumen fermentation with only a small proportion of grains broken down by rumination. The breakdown of whole grain in rumination was important for all rations. For the light oats, heavy oats, soft wheat and hard wheat, rumination accounted for 66 per cent, 44 per cent, 27 per cent and 17 per cent of the total breakdown respectively.

scholarly journals Potential of grain hardness of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as a selection trait in breeding programme

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Vejražka ◽  
Vratislav Psota ◽  
Jaroslava Ehrenbergerová ◽  
Natálie Březinová Belcredi ◽  
Radim Cerkal
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Kernel Hardness ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Grain Hardness ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Grain Milling ◽  
Size Index

The study presents the results of research on the use of barley caryopses hardness for prediction of the malting quality. Grain hardness was determined by three methods: Particle size index (PSI), hardness according to Brabender (BRA) and grain milling energy (GME). The correlations among methods for determining the kernel hardness were estimated as well among selected technological traits of barley and malt and kernel hardness. Significant correlations were found among PSI values and Final attenuation of laboratory wort from malt (0.73*) a Glycidic extract (0.70*). Values of kernel hardness measured by BRA significantly correlated with Final attenuation of laboratory wort from malt (–0.80*) and Soluble nitrogen of malt (0.64*). Grain milling energy values were statistically significant correlated with Nitrogen content in malt (0.64*). The preliminary results confirmed the possibility to use kernel hardness for prediction of some malting quality traits. Further studies will be done on larger number of samples.

Influence of sowing time on grain quality characters of wheat grown in north-western Victoria

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 831 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Flood ◽  
PJ Martin ◽  
JF Panozzo
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Size Index ◽  
Milling Yield

Grain from sowing time experiments at 1 site in 1984 and 2 sites in 1986 and 1987 in northwestern Victoria were tested for several grain and flour characters. The tests included grain protein percentage, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation volume, particle size index, milling yield, test weight and Pelshenke wholemeal fermentation time, although not all tests were carried out in all years at both sites. The findings are reported without analysis of the underlying processes involved. The effect of sowing time on grain protein percentage was variable; at Dooen in 1984 there was a slight decrease, at Dooen and Walpeup in 1986 there was an increase but there was no change at Dooen in 1987, as sowing time was delayed. Sowing time had a significant effect on SDS at Dooen in 1984 and Dooen and Walpeup in 1986. There were no marked trends at Dooen in 1984, but significant differences between individual sowing times, and in 1986 there was an inconsistent increase as sowing time was delayed. At Walpeup in 1986 there was a substantial increase in values as sowing time was delayed. Partial correlation coefficients, however, indicated that at Dooen in both years and Walpeup in 1986, variation for SDS was due almost entirely to differences in grain protein percentage, although at Walpeup in 1986 there was a slight additional effect of sowing time. Particle size index was significantly affected by sowing time at both sites in 1986; at Dooen there was a decrease as sowing time was delayed and then an increase for the last sowing time, and at Walpeup there was an increase as sowing time was delayed. Although some effects of sowing time on milling yield and test weight were statistically significant, only one had commercial significance-milling yield at Walpeup in 1986. Pelshenke time was affected by sowing time at Dooen in 1984 and Walpeup in 1986, but there were no obvious trends. Sowing time x cultivar interactions have implications for quality testing of wheat crossbreds. Grain growers can be reassured that sowing crops over an extended period appears to have little or no detrimental effect on grain quality with respect to bread baking properties. In some seasons, however, there may be substantial increases in grain protein percentage in later sown crops, although this would generally be associated with lower yields.

Influence of a gene causing hardness on the milling and baking quality of two wheats

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 971 ◽  
Author(s):  
KJ Symes
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Loaf Volume ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Simple Process ◽  
Hard Wheat ◽  
Baking Quality ◽  
Handling Characteristics ◽  
Size Index

Near-isogenic lines of Falcon, a hard wheat with good baking quality and high milling extraction, and Heron, a soft wheat of medium baking quality and rather low milling extraction, were produced differing only in the gene which determines hardness as measured by the particle size index. It is shown that the superiority of Falcon in milling extraction, loaf texture, and dough handling characteristics is very strongly associated with the gene which causes it to be a hard wheat. While Falcon generally has a loaf volume superior to that of Heron, if the genetic background of two wheats is identical except for hardness, soft wheats have higher loaf volumes. Because these three variables, which largely constitute total loaf score, are not all favoured by the same particle size index, total loaf score is less clearly influenced by hardness. Nevertheless hard wheats are always superior to, or not significantly different from, soft wheats of the same pedigree in this respect. This work points out the difficulty of producing really good quality soft wheats but on the other hand shows that soft wheats can easily be improved in at least some features of baking quality by the simple process of making them hard.

scholarly journals PROJEVY ZDROJOVÝCH OBLASTÍ SEDIMENTŮ V ZRNITOSTNÍM SLOŽENÍ KORYTOVÝCH AKUMULACÍ VODNÍCH TOKŮ V RELIÉFU BUDOVANÉM FLYŠOVÝMI HORNINAMI

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Václav Škarpich ◽  
Tomáš Galia
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Material Transport ◽  
Sediment Delivery ◽  
Size Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Continuum Systems ◽  
Channel Segment

The character of bed sediments reflects fluvial processes and the dynamics of material transport in fluvial (dis)continuum systems. The approach in this study was based on the measurement of the five largest boulders located within a channel, and on the observation of changes in their size in the longitudinal profi le of headwater streams Kobylská and Pulčínský potok. All three axes (dimensions) of the five largest boulders were measured at 10 ± 1m intervals of the longitudinal profile. The resulting trends in a particle-size index reflect the character of sediment delivery into the channel segment. The largest boulders were observed in channel sections with a strong interaction of slope processes. But local lithological conditions affect changes of the mean value of the particle-size index of the largest boulders. The role of slope processes can be accentuated by the presence of uniform sandstone lithology of the studied bed particles. In the lithology built by claystone layers the role of slope processes has problematic identification. The main reason is erodible character of claystone layers which affects sediment supply of finer particles from adjacent slopes into the channel segment.

Classification of Australian wheat varieties based on the granularity of their wholemeal

1961 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
KJ Symes
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Original Sample ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Size Index ◽  
Australian Wheat

A simple and accurate test for determining the granularity of wheat wholemeal is described. Ten grams of wheat are ground, sieved for five minutes and the amount passing through the sieve is expressed as a percentage of the original sample and recorded as the particle size index. Particle size index is shown to be a varietal character that divides Australian varieties into two distinct groups. As all typical hard varieties fall into one of these groups and all typical soft varieties into the other group, particle size index is suggested as the most satisfactory criterion for designating these categories. Variations in protein level and moisture content do influence the particle size index, without in any way invalidating the test. The effect of changes in these environmental factors, on particle size index, varies from variety to variety both in degree and direction.

Factors determining the optimum hardness of wheat

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
HJ Moss
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Grain Hardness ◽  
Best Estimate ◽  
Size Index

The maximum desirable grain hardness is related to protein level and to the end product. Three methods of measuring the hardness of wheat are considered, and their dependence on other grain characteristics is shown to vary according to cultivar. Particle size index provides the best estimate of starch damage, and pearling resistance the best discrimination between cultivars. The pattern of site and seasonal effects shown by one hardness test is different from that shown by another.

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