Pseudomonas phaseolicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Halo Blight ◽  
Pseudomonas Phaseolicola ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Stem Girdling

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudomonas phaseolicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Phaseolus vulgaris, P. coccineus, P. lunatus var. macrocarpus, P. multiflorus, Pueraria thunbergiana (9: 424). Also Glycine max on inoculation (32: 114). Phaseolus atropurpureus is recorded as a natural secondary host in Queensland (42: 298). DISEASE: Halo spot or halo blight. On seeds, pods (especially the sutures), leaves and stem, and also causing stem girdling or wilt. Frequently referred to as grease spot in Europe because of the dark green spots appearing on the pods. The symptoms of halo blight are very similar to common blight (Xanthomonas phaseoli; CMI Descripts. 46). Distinguishing signs are given by the exudate, when present, which is yellow in common blight and light cream or silver coloured in halo blight. In halo blight a single water-soaked spot may be at the centre of a halo-like zone 2.5 cm diam. Systemic infection often results in foliar mosaic and leaf malformation (35: 807). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread and probably in most countries where dwarf beans are grown (CMI Map 85, Ed. 2 19S6). TRANSMISSION: On the surface of seed or between the seed coat and cotyledons. Also spread in the field by wind-driven rain splash which may carry inoculum as far as 85 ft. from a point source (43, 2141). Wounds are not a necessary prerequisite for infection which normally occurs through the stomata. The pathogen may be spread by overhead sprinkler irrigation in a late maturing crop in arid regions (34: 339), but not by furrow irrigation. Pseudomnas phaseolicola does not appear to survive the winter in soil or plant debris (26: 41, 373) but may overwinter in cankers of living kudzuvine (Pueraria thunbergiana) (7: 585).

Xanthomonas fragariae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Saddler
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Night Time ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Xanthomonas Fragariae ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas fragariae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Fragaria × ananassa (Rosaceae); by artificial inoculation: Fragaria virginiana, F. vesca, Potentilla fruticosa and P. glandulosa (Rosaceae). DISEASE: Angular leaf spot and vascular decline or collapse of strawberry. First described in 1962 in North America. The leaf spot phase appears as minute water-soaked spots on the underside of leaves surrounded by the smallest veins. In the early stages symptoms are only visible on the leaf underside. Spots enlarge, coalesce, penetrate to the upper leaf surface and darken, turning into large, irregular necrotic areas. They have a shiny appearance and are usually covered by bacterial exudate which, when dry, turns brown and appears as gum-like scales. Spots coalesce more frequently along the primary and secondary veins. The dead tissues tear and break off, and the diseased leaf may assume a ragged appearance. Heavy losses may occur with frequent overhead sprinkler irrigation. The conditions favouring infection are moderate to cool daytime temperatures (about 20°C), low night-time temperatures and high humidities (MAAS, 1998). In addition, blossom blight of strawberry has been found in California and is caused by a complex of X. fragariae and Cladosporium cladosporioides (GUBLER et al., 1999). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Ethiopia, Réunion. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec), USA (California, Florida, Kentucky, Minnesota, North Carolina, Wisconsin). SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo), Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela. ASIA: Taiwan, Israel. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria), New Zealand. EUROPE: Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy (Sicily), Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: Rain splash from infested leaf litter in the soil on to young healthy leaves. Penetration occurs through the stomata. Infections of the crowns occur through local wounds or downwards from affected leaves. Bacteria can overwinter in leaf litter and for many years in dried leaf material. Residues of infected leaves and crown infections on runners used for planting are sources of inoculum for primary infections.

Albugo tragopogonis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Mukerji
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
White Rust ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Albugo tragopogonis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On members of Compositae only (Jorstad, 1964). DISEASE: White rust of salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius). Mostly infecting the leaves, rarely the stem (38, 674; 43, 62. 2797). Sometimes very damaging (45, 471). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia (51, 2749; 43, 2797). USA. S. America, Canada, Europe, Asia and Africa (Wilson, 1907). TRANSMISSION: Through overwintering oospores in soil and plant debris. Sporangia disseminated through rain-splash or wind.

Xanthomonas cassavae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Saddler
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Green Point ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Dark Green

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas cassavae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae); by artificial inoculation: Euphorbia pulcherrima (Euphorbiaceae). DISEASE: Cassava leaf spot or bacterial necrosis. Angular leaf spots extend along veins but generally do not develop into blight. Spots age, turn dark brown and are surrounded by a yellow halo. Exudate is frequently produced. On stems, dark green point lesions develop slowly up to 1 cm diam. Lytic pockets generally develop under lesions in the cortex. Lateral extension can lead to girdling and tip dieback. Secondary colonization by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides[Glomerella cingulata] is frequently observed. Systemic infection and vascular browning are absent or very restricted. Entry into the host is through natural openings (stomata) or epidermal wounds, which can be caused (especially on the stem) by sand particles or small grains of gravel thrown up by the strong winds which precede the first rains. The optimum temperature for disease development is 25°C. Disease mainly occurs above altitudes of 800 m. There is evidence that disease severity is linked to poor plant nutrition. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Burundi, Congo Democratic Republic, Kenya, Malawi, Niger, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire. SOUTH AMERICA: Colombia. TRANSMISSION: Long distance spread is restricted. Symptomless cuttings taken from diseased plants were unable to demonstrate propagation. Rapid disease development under favourable climatic conditions suggests a symptomless epiphytic phase on the host itself or on a plant other than cassava. In the field, dispersal is by wind and rain.

Septoria oenotherae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Andrianova
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Far East ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Oenothera Biennis ◽  
Evening Primrose ◽  
Apparent Infection Rate ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Chemical Fungicides

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria oenotherae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot. In seed stocks, conidiomata are usually encountered on fragments of pods, stems or leaves, and only rarely on the seeds (SIMPSON et al., 1995). Development of S. oenotherae leads to severe blight, with drying of all the leaves starting from the bottom of the plant. This reduces vitality of the plant, and may cause its death. HOSTS: Calylophus sp., Camissonia sp., Gaura sp., Godetia grandiflora, Ludwigia sp., Oenothera biennis (syn. : Onagra biennis), Oenothera decumbens, O. lamarkiana, O. muricata, O. odorata, O. sinuata (Onagraceae). [Type host - Oenothera biennis.] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia, Kazakhstan, Korea, Russia (Far East). Australasia: New Zealand. Europe: Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Italy, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, UK, Ukraine. North America: Canada (Ontario), USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne or splash dispersed conidia from infected plant débris and seed stocks. Septoria oenotherae can be transmitted by infected débris in evening primrose seed stock; disease progress may then be influenced by variety, sanitation and chemical fungicides; further, the low rL (apparent infection rate) values can be taken as indicative of a primarily rain-splash spread disease (SIMPSON et al, 1999).

Xanthomonas phaseoli. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Serial Passage ◽  
Nodule Bacterium ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
Halo Blight ◽  
Leaf Symptoms

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas phaseoli. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Phaseolus vulgaris and other species of Phaseolus and Lablab niger[Lablab purpureus]. DISEASE: Common blight. A disease affecting leaves, stems, seed and pods, mainly confined to the parenchyma but which may invade the vascular system and cause a wilt. Symptoms are very similar to halo blight and the two diseases often occur together. An association with common bean mosaic virus is also found. The leaf symptoms are enhanced synergistically in mixed infections (38: 437; 24: 47), but after serial passage the virus becomes dominant. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: As with Pseudomonas phascolicola, the pathogen is probably found in most countries where beans are grown (CMI Map 441, 1965). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is seed-borne and is harboured beneath the seed coat where it may remain viable for several years. Dissemination in the field is by wind-driven rain, insects, infected plant debris or wind blown soil (37: 128). The pathogen enters through the stomata or wounds Overhead sprinkler irrigation may be a means of spread, but not furrow irrigation (34: 339). Unlike the halo blight pathogen, X. phaseoli can overwinter on infected stems and leaves, and be perpetuated on hosts other than species of Phaseolus. Soaking bean seeds in suspensions of the root nodule bacterium for inoculation purposes may inadvertently result in a great increase in infection where the original incidence was slight.

Phoma medicaginis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Kinsey
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Main Host ◽  
Phoma Medicaginis ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Phoma medicaginis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Probably an opportunisitic pathogen and saprobe, while var. macrospora is more strongly pathogenic towards M. sativa. Contributory to causing (spring) black stem of forage legumes (mainly Medicago, possibly also Melilotus and Trifolium), involving seedling blight, stem canker, root rot and leaf spot. It develops as long dark lesions on petioles and stems, later encircling whole stems and spreading to cause crown and foot rot. HOSTS: On leaves, petioles, stems, roots and seeds of possibly a wide range of plants. However, many records require verification. The main host plant is Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), but also recorded on Melilotus and other Papilionaceae, including Arachis, Cicer, Glycine, Lathyrus, Lens, Phaseolus, Pisum, Trifolium, Trigonella, Vicia and Vigna. Non-leguminous host plants include Anacardium, Annona, Beta, Brassica, Chrysanthemum, Curcuma, Cyperus, Fragaria, Juniperus, Lycopersicon, Madhuca, Nicotiana, Phlox, Saccharum, Solanum, Striga, Themeda, Zea and Zinnia. Also reported from soil and indeterminate plant debris and from human scalp. While many records refer only to P. medicaginis s. lat., records for var. macrospora appear to indicate that it occurs more specifically on M. sativa. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Zambia, Zimbabwe. NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA. CENTRAL AMERICA: West Indies. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina. ASIA: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Thailand. AUSTRALASIA: Australia, New Zealand. EUROPE: Denmark, Great Britain, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne on plant debris with infection of new plants by rain splash. Probably also seed-borne if pods become infected.

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Tripsacum Dactyloides ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Dark Green

Abstract A description is provided for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Zea mays is the natural host. By inoculation Euchlaena mexicana, Saccharum officinarum, Sorghum bicolor, S. sudanense and Tripsacum dactyloides are infected (Schuster et al., 1973). DISEASE: Leaf freckles and wilt, or Goss's bacterial wilt and blight. The disease is characterized by the appearance of discrete, water-soaked spots, dark green to blackish at first, becoming brown and more freckle-like, then coalescing and inducing a leaf scorch. The spots may arise from direct infection or via systemic infection from roots and stems (Schuster et al., 1973). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (IA, IL, KS, NE). (IMI Distribution Map 549, ed. 1, 1982; 67, 4495). TRANSMISSION: The bacterium can overwinter in debris from diseased corn, particularly stubble and this is a source of primary inoculum in the new growing season. It is also present within the seed where it can remain viable for more than a year. However, experiments suggest that seed transmission is rare (Schuster et al., 1973).

Phialophora verrucosa. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Phialophora Verrucosa ◽  
Point Of Entry

Abstract A description is provided for Phialophora verrucosa. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Man, Felis, Equus. DISEASE: Chromomycosis (chromoblastomycosis) subcutaneous and systemic (mycoses). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Algeria, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa; Asia: China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines; Europe: Finland, France, Israel, Sweden, Turkey, U.K., USSR; North America: USA (widespread), Canada (Ontario); Central & South America: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela; Australasia: Australia. TRANSMISSION: Generally infection is from plant debris etc. following cutaneous trauma, the fungus generally remaining localized at the point of entry, or spread via the lymphatic system to cause systemic infection. The fungus is widespread in soils etc.

Xanthomonas fragariae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Xanthomonas Fragariae ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas fragariae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Fragaria vesca, its crosses and cultivars. DISEASE: Angular leaf spot and vascular decline or collapse of strawberry. The leaf spot phase appears as minute water-soaked spots on the underside of leaves. They enlarge, coalesce, penetrate to the upper leaf surface and darken in colour, turning into large, irregular necrotic areas. Infection may closely follow the veins of leaves, especially when petioles are inoculated, but was not found within the vascular tissue under the conditions prevailing in Minnesota (Kennedy & King, 1962a). Dye & Wilkie (1973) reported that under New Zealand conditions stems, petioles, flowers and fruits are not infected. Systemic invasion has occurred in California (47, 862), probably under damp nursery conditions. The crowns become infected and vascular decline or complete collapse results. Most bacteria occur intercellularly in vascular tissue, forming pockets in the xylem and cambium that often rupture the tissues of the crown. Occasionally bacteria are found within the vessels of the xylem. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA, Venezuela, Sicily, Australia, New Zealand (CMI Map 520, ed. 1, 1977). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by rain splash from infested leaf litter in the soil on to young healthy leaves. Wounds are not necessary for entry (Dye & Wilkie, 1973). The bacteria can survive the winter in leaf litter in the soil (41, 730) and for many years in dried leaf material, but do not live free in the soil. When systemic infection is present the bacteria are easily transmitted in planting material, which probably accounts for the widespread, extremely sporadic distribution. Determination of the presence of systemic infection can be very difficult which makes this phase of the disease particularly dangerous; it may well be a limiting factor in the establishment of a new variety (47, 862).

Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
External Development ◽  
Soil Level

Abstract A description is provided for Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Phaseolus vulgaris and other Phaseolus spp., and on Glycine max, Zea mays and other hosts on inoculation (17: 810; Elliott, 31: 105, p. 20). DISEASE: Bacterial wilt. The pathogen is primarily a vascular parasite and spotting of the leaves and stems does not develop. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Restricted to parts of Australia, Europe and North America (CMI Map 370. Ed. 2, 1964). Reports by Hedges (5: 463; 18: 49), reproduced by Elliott (31: 105), of occurrence in Canada, Belgium, France and Germany have not been substantiated, and the last-named is specifically refuted by Stapp (40: 554). TRANSMISSION: Primarily on seed which may be infected externally, or internally as the result of systemic infection. The bacterium can remain viable and virulent for long periods (up to 24 years) in seed stored under laboratory conditions (25: 89). In the field, survival in soil for at least two winters between bean crops rotated with beet is recorded (37: 195). Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens does not spread by rain splash in the field as readily as other bacterial pathogens of the bean because of the more limited external development of the disease. Irrigation water may assist in localized spread (34: 339; 38: 641). Secondary infection is through wounds: the incidence of wilt has been increased by wounding below soil level and by wounding stem and leaf tissues (35: 503; 37: 195). Under certain conditions the nematode Meloidogyne incognita may provide wounds for entry of the pathogen (38: 641). The incidence of infection is also affected by soil type, being high in a sandy loam and low in a clay loam.

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