Xanthomonas fragariae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Xanthomonas Fragariae ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas fragariae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Fragaria vesca, its crosses and cultivars. DISEASE: Angular leaf spot and vascular decline or collapse of strawberry. The leaf spot phase appears as minute water-soaked spots on the underside of leaves. They enlarge, coalesce, penetrate to the upper leaf surface and darken in colour, turning into large, irregular necrotic areas. Infection may closely follow the veins of leaves, especially when petioles are inoculated, but was not found within the vascular tissue under the conditions prevailing in Minnesota (Kennedy & King, 1962a). Dye & Wilkie (1973) reported that under New Zealand conditions stems, petioles, flowers and fruits are not infected. Systemic invasion has occurred in California (47, 862), probably under damp nursery conditions. The crowns become infected and vascular decline or complete collapse results. Most bacteria occur intercellularly in vascular tissue, forming pockets in the xylem and cambium that often rupture the tissues of the crown. Occasionally bacteria are found within the vessels of the xylem. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA, Venezuela, Sicily, Australia, New Zealand (CMI Map 520, ed. 1, 1977). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by rain splash from infested leaf litter in the soil on to young healthy leaves. Wounds are not necessary for entry (Dye & Wilkie, 1973). The bacteria can survive the winter in leaf litter in the soil (41, 730) and for many years in dried leaf material, but do not live free in the soil. When systemic infection is present the bacteria are easily transmitted in planting material, which probably accounts for the widespread, extremely sporadic distribution. Determination of the presence of systemic infection can be very difficult which makes this phase of the disease particularly dangerous; it may well be a limiting factor in the establishment of a new variety (47, 862).

Xanthomonas fragariae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Saddler
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Night Time ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Xanthomonas Fragariae ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas fragariae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Fragaria × ananassa (Rosaceae); by artificial inoculation: Fragaria virginiana, F. vesca, Potentilla fruticosa and P. glandulosa (Rosaceae). DISEASE: Angular leaf spot and vascular decline or collapse of strawberry. First described in 1962 in North America. The leaf spot phase appears as minute water-soaked spots on the underside of leaves surrounded by the smallest veins. In the early stages symptoms are only visible on the leaf underside. Spots enlarge, coalesce, penetrate to the upper leaf surface and darken, turning into large, irregular necrotic areas. They have a shiny appearance and are usually covered by bacterial exudate which, when dry, turns brown and appears as gum-like scales. Spots coalesce more frequently along the primary and secondary veins. The dead tissues tear and break off, and the diseased leaf may assume a ragged appearance. Heavy losses may occur with frequent overhead sprinkler irrigation. The conditions favouring infection are moderate to cool daytime temperatures (about 20°C), low night-time temperatures and high humidities (MAAS, 1998). In addition, blossom blight of strawberry has been found in California and is caused by a complex of X. fragariae and Cladosporium cladosporioides (GUBLER et al., 1999). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Ethiopia, Réunion. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec), USA (California, Florida, Kentucky, Minnesota, North Carolina, Wisconsin). SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo), Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela. ASIA: Taiwan, Israel. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria), New Zealand. EUROPE: Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy (Sicily), Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: Rain splash from infested leaf litter in the soil on to young healthy leaves. Penetration occurs through the stomata. Infections of the crowns occur through local wounds or downwards from affected leaves. Bacteria can overwinter in leaf litter and for many years in dried leaf material. Residues of infected leaves and crown infections on runners used for planting are sources of inoculum for primary infections.

Pseudocercospora atromarginalis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Solanum Nigrum ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudocercospora atromarginalis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Solanum nigrum; also S. aethiopicum and S. nodiflorum. DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius, Senegal, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia; Asia: Burma, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka; Australasia and Oceania: Fiji, New Zealand; North America: Barbados, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne or rain-splash dispersed conidia.

Pestalozziella subsessilis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Andrianova
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Infraspecific Variation ◽  
Chaetomella Raphigera

Abstract A description is provided for Pestalozziella subsessilis, a colonizer of living leaves, causing leaf spot symptoms leading to leaves fading and dying. Some information on its dispersal and transmission, economic impacts, infraspecific variation and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (USA (Florida, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, Wisconsin), Kazakhstan, Russia, New Zealand, Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Ukraine, and United Kingdom), hosts (Geranium carolinianum (leaf), G. collinum (leaf), G. columbianum (leaf), G. columbinum (leaf), G. macrorrhizum (leaf), G. maculatum (leaf), G. palustre (leaf), G. pratense (leaf), G. pusillum (leaf), G. pyrenaicum (leaf), G. robertianum (leaf), G. sanguineum (leaf), G. sylvaticum (leaf), G. wlassovianum (leaf), Geranium sp., and Oxypolis rigidor [Tiedemannia rigida]) and associated fungi Chaetomella raphigera.

Erwinia mallotivora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Spot ◽  
Secondary Spread ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Mallotus Japonicus ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Erwinia mallotivora. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Mallotus japonicus (Euphorbiaceae). DISEASE: Bacterial leaf spot. The disease starts as water-soaked spots on the newly developing leaves in May and June. The spots tend to form close to the main veins. They enlarge and become angular as they are restricted by the veins, becoming dark brown, and often with a chlorotic halo about 1 mm wide. Spots may coalesce and kill the leaf, and shoot blight may also occur. Under humid conditions bacteria may exude on to the leaf surface. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan. TRANSMISSION: Unknown, but presumably rain splash plays a part at least in secondary spread.

Pyrenophora erythrospila. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot

Abstract A description is provided for Pyrenophora erythrospila. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Agrostis, Hordeum and Triticum. DISEASE: Leaf spot of bent grass and red top. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Europe, New Zealand, North America. TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne conidia.

Peronospora rumicis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Dense Layer ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Rumex Acetosa ◽  
Polygonum Convolvulus ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Roll Back

Abstract A description is provided for Peronospora rumicis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Emex spinosa, Polygonum convolvulus, Rumex acetosa, R. acetosella, R. alpestris (= R. arifolius), R. auriculatus, R. aviculare, R. hastatus, R. lunaria, R. longifolius, R. montanus, R. patienta, R. polyanthemus, R. repens, R. scutatus, R. thyrsifolius, R. tuberosus, R. vesicarius. DISEASE: Downy mildew of Rumex. Both leaves and flowers are infected. On R. acetosella, the plant remains upright following infection and the upper leaves crumple. In other Rumex species, infected leaves become covered in a very dense layer of violet-coloured felt on their undersurface, whereas a grey felt layer develops on flowers. Leaves become yellowish and their margins roll back (39, 159). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Libya, Morocco, South Africa. Asia-Temperate: Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan, Stavropol. Asia-Tropical: India. Australasia: New Zealand. Europe: Austria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, Estonia, Faeroes, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Yaroslavl), Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK (England, Scotland), Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: By conidia which are dispersed by wind or rain-splash. Mycelium perennates in the root.

Septoria apiicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Variable Size ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria apiicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Apium spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot (or late blight) of cultivated and wild celery and celeriac. On leaves, seeds and seedling roots, reducing yield and causing wastage through blemishes on the edible petioles. Leaf lesions of variable size, 1-6 mm diam., abundant, amphigenous, circular or sometimes vein-limited, confluent when severe, becoming depressed pale brown, margin diffuse. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide on Apium spp. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne (Noble et al., 1958; Sheridan, 1966). Also disseminated by rain-splash, in irrigation water, by contact as well as by animals and workman's tools (Chupp & Sherf, 1960). The pathogen may remain viable in the soil for 18 months in buried celery crop refuse, but for less than 6 weeks in the absence of intact host tissue (42: 82). Viability in infected seed may drop to 2% within 8 months from harvest and both mycelium and conidia can stay alive in seed stored up to 14 months (42: 508; 44, 1332) but not beyond 2 yr.

Entyloma serotinum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Borago Officinalis ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Water Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Entyloma serotinum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Symphytum spp., including S. asperrimum, S. bulbosum, S. cordatum, S. officinale, S. ottomanum and S. tuberosum; Borago officinalis; also recorded on Amsinckia, Lappula and Mertensia spp. (in USA) and Pulmonaria (in Europe, but see 64, 4163). DISEASE: Leaf spot of Symphylum, less frequently (though with similar symptoms) of other members of the Boraginaceae.GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Algeria. Asia: Israel, USSR (Republic of Georgia). Australasia: New Zealand. Europe: widespread, including Austria, British Isles, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France (including Corsica), Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, USSR (Latvia), Yugoslavia. North America: USA. TRANSMISSION: Ustilospores survive on infected plant remains and in soil, and germinate to infect seedlings and the new seasons's leaves. In Europe conidia may also over-winter and initiate new infections in spring (Kaiser, 1936). During the growing season, conidia are disseminated by air currents and water-splash.

Pestalotiopsis guepinii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Camellia Japonica ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Extensive Growth

Abstract A description is provided for Pestalotiopsis guepinii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Camellia japonica, C. sinensis, Erica and Rhododendron, with occasion records on unrelated hosts including Hippocratea, Jatropha, Laurus, Pinus and Terminalia. DISEASE: Grey leaf spot, twig dieback, stem canker, petal rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Specimens in Herb. IMI from Ghana, Kenya, Togo, India, Bohemia, France, Germany, Netherlands, UK, USA. Reported in literature from Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Azores, Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic. TRANSMISSION: Conidia from diseased material and trash are dispersed by contact, water splash and local air currents, possibly to a limited extent by soil although extensive growth in soil has not been reported. It may also be seed-borne.

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