Xanthomonas phaseoli. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Serial Passage ◽  
Nodule Bacterium ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
Halo Blight ◽  
Leaf Symptoms

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas phaseoli. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Phaseolus vulgaris and other species of Phaseolus and Lablab niger[Lablab purpureus]. DISEASE: Common blight. A disease affecting leaves, stems, seed and pods, mainly confined to the parenchyma but which may invade the vascular system and cause a wilt. Symptoms are very similar to halo blight and the two diseases often occur together. An association with common bean mosaic virus is also found. The leaf symptoms are enhanced synergistically in mixed infections (38: 437; 24: 47), but after serial passage the virus becomes dominant. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: As with Pseudomonas phascolicola, the pathogen is probably found in most countries where beans are grown (CMI Map 441, 1965). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is seed-borne and is harboured beneath the seed coat where it may remain viable for several years. Dissemination in the field is by wind-driven rain, insects, infected plant debris or wind blown soil (37: 128). The pathogen enters through the stomata or wounds Overhead sprinkler irrigation may be a means of spread, but not furrow irrigation (34: 339). Unlike the halo blight pathogen, X. phaseoli can overwinter on infected stems and leaves, and be perpetuated on hosts other than species of Phaseolus. Soaking bean seeds in suspensions of the root nodule bacterium for inoculation purposes may inadvertently result in a great increase in infection where the original incidence was slight.

Pseudomonas phaseolicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Halo Blight ◽  
Pseudomonas Phaseolicola ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Stem Girdling

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudomonas phaseolicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Phaseolus vulgaris, P. coccineus, P. lunatus var. macrocarpus, P. multiflorus, Pueraria thunbergiana (9: 424). Also Glycine max on inoculation (32: 114). Phaseolus atropurpureus is recorded as a natural secondary host in Queensland (42: 298). DISEASE: Halo spot or halo blight. On seeds, pods (especially the sutures), leaves and stem, and also causing stem girdling or wilt. Frequently referred to as grease spot in Europe because of the dark green spots appearing on the pods. The symptoms of halo blight are very similar to common blight (Xanthomonas phaseoli; CMI Descripts. 46). Distinguishing signs are given by the exudate, when present, which is yellow in common blight and light cream or silver coloured in halo blight. In halo blight a single water-soaked spot may be at the centre of a halo-like zone 2.5 cm diam. Systemic infection often results in foliar mosaic and leaf malformation (35: 807). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread and probably in most countries where dwarf beans are grown (CMI Map 85, Ed. 2 19S6). TRANSMISSION: On the surface of seed or between the seed coat and cotyledons. Also spread in the field by wind-driven rain splash which may carry inoculum as far as 85 ft. from a point source (43, 2141). Wounds are not a necessary prerequisite for infection which normally occurs through the stomata. The pathogen may be spread by overhead sprinkler irrigation in a late maturing crop in arid regions (34: 339), but not by furrow irrigation. Pseudomnas phaseolicola does not appear to survive the winter in soil or plant debris (26: 41, 373) but may overwinter in cankers of living kudzuvine (Pueraria thunbergiana) (7: 585).

Septoria antirrhini. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Andrianova
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Wet Weather

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria antirrhini. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot, leaf drying, defoliation. HOSTS: Antirrhinum antirrhiniflorum, A. majus, A. siculum (Scrophulariaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: South Africa. NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA. SOUTH AMERICA: Chile, Colombia. ASIA: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Israel. AUSTRALASIA: Australia, New Zealand. EUROPE: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: Not reported, but almost certainly by airborne, splash-dispersed conidia from infected plant debris and seed stocks. The disease is significantly more severe under wet weather conditions (SINADSKIY et al., 1985).

Xanthomonas oryzae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Zizania Latifolia ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Zizania Aquatica ◽  
Weed Hosts

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas oryzae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Oryza sativa. Natural infection of Leersia oryzaides, Leersia oryzaides var. japonica and Zizania latifolia[Zizania aquatica] is known (Mizukami & Wakimoto, 1959). Natural infection of Cyperus rotundus and C. difformis was reported in India (48, 460), but inoculation of these hosts in the Philippines failed (48, 1689). By inoculation many wild species of Oryza (45, 1789), Leptochloa filiformis (48, 1689), L. chinensis, L. panacea and Zizania aquatica (48, 1683) have all been found susceptible. DISEASE: Bacterial blight of rice and kresek disease of rice. Blight most commonly appears on leaves of young plants, after planting out, as water-soaked stripes at the margins. These enlarge and coalesce to give the characteristic yellowish lesions with wavy edges that occur mainly along the margins of the upper parts of the leaves. These lesions may later expand to cover much of the leaf, which turns whitish or greyish and dies. Leaf sheaths of the more susceptible varieties may be affected. Kresek, which occurs in tropical regions, is a strong systemic infection in which leaves or whole young plants wither and die. In older plants the leaves become pale yellow. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Limited to Asia (CMI Map 304, ed. 2, 1964). Occurrences not shown on this map include Korea, Taiwan and Indonesia (Mizukami & Wakimoto, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Spread locally by wind and rain and also by flood and irrigation waters; gains entry to the field in infected planting material, to the nursery in seed, and to both nursery and field from volunteer rice plants and weed hosts usually via the irrigation water. Overwintering may occur on volunteers, on or in the rhizospheres of weed hosts, in stored infected straw and in seed, but it is unlikely in soil and plant debris exposed to the weather, at least under Japanese conditions (Mizukami & Wakimoto, 1969). Infection is through hydathodes and wounds. Penetration through stomata results in a build-up of bacteria in the intercellular spaces, but it is not until they have been exuded on to the leaf surface and re-admitted through the hydathodes and thence into the vascular system, that symptoms of the disease appear (46, 2720).

Entyloma serotinum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Borago Officinalis ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Water Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Entyloma serotinum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Symphytum spp., including S. asperrimum, S. bulbosum, S. cordatum, S. officinale, S. ottomanum and S. tuberosum; Borago officinalis; also recorded on Amsinckia, Lappula and Mertensia spp. (in USA) and Pulmonaria (in Europe, but see 64, 4163). DISEASE: Leaf spot of Symphylum, less frequently (though with similar symptoms) of other members of the Boraginaceae.GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Algeria. Asia: Israel, USSR (Republic of Georgia). Australasia: New Zealand. Europe: widespread, including Austria, British Isles, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France (including Corsica), Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, USSR (Latvia), Yugoslavia. North America: USA. TRANSMISSION: Ustilospores survive on infected plant remains and in soil, and germinate to infect seedlings and the new seasons's leaves. In Europe conidia may also over-winter and initiate new infections in spring (Kaiser, 1936). During the growing season, conidia are disseminated by air currents and water-splash.

Xanthomonas fragariae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Saddler
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Night Time ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Xanthomonas Fragariae ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas fragariae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Fragaria × ananassa (Rosaceae); by artificial inoculation: Fragaria virginiana, F. vesca, Potentilla fruticosa and P. glandulosa (Rosaceae). DISEASE: Angular leaf spot and vascular decline or collapse of strawberry. First described in 1962 in North America. The leaf spot phase appears as minute water-soaked spots on the underside of leaves surrounded by the smallest veins. In the early stages symptoms are only visible on the leaf underside. Spots enlarge, coalesce, penetrate to the upper leaf surface and darken, turning into large, irregular necrotic areas. They have a shiny appearance and are usually covered by bacterial exudate which, when dry, turns brown and appears as gum-like scales. Spots coalesce more frequently along the primary and secondary veins. The dead tissues tear and break off, and the diseased leaf may assume a ragged appearance. Heavy losses may occur with frequent overhead sprinkler irrigation. The conditions favouring infection are moderate to cool daytime temperatures (about 20°C), low night-time temperatures and high humidities (MAAS, 1998). In addition, blossom blight of strawberry has been found in California and is caused by a complex of X. fragariae and Cladosporium cladosporioides (GUBLER et al., 1999). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Ethiopia, Réunion. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec), USA (California, Florida, Kentucky, Minnesota, North Carolina, Wisconsin). SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo), Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela. ASIA: Taiwan, Israel. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria), New Zealand. EUROPE: Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy (Sicily), Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: Rain splash from infested leaf litter in the soil on to young healthy leaves. Penetration occurs through the stomata. Infections of the crowns occur through local wounds or downwards from affected leaves. Bacteria can overwinter in leaf litter and for many years in dried leaf material. Residues of infected leaves and crown infections on runners used for planting are sources of inoculum for primary infections.

scholarly journals Lotus japonicus Contains Two Distinct ENOD40 Genes That Are Expressed in Symbiotic, Nonsymbiotic, and Embryonic Tissues

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 987-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanouil Flemetakis ◽  
Nektarios Kavroulakis ◽  
Nicolette E. M. Quaedvlieg ◽  
Herman P. Spaink ◽  
Maria Dimou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Nodule ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Mrna Accumulation ◽  
Mesorhizobium Loti ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Early Nodulin ◽  
Gene Transcripts ◽  
Young Seed

ENOD40, an early nodulin gene, has been postulated to play a significant role in legume root nodule ontogenesis. We have isolated two distinct ENOD40 genes from Lotus japonicus. The transcribed regions of the two ENOD40 genes share 65% homology, while the two promoters showed no significant homology. Both transcripts encode a putative dodecapeptide similar to that identified in other legumes forming determinate nodules. Both ENOD40 genes are coordinately expressed following inoculation of roots with Mesorhizobium loti or treatment with purified Nod factors. In the former case, mRNA accumulation could be detected up to 10 days following inoculation while in the latter case the accumulation was transient. High levels of both ENOD40 gene transcripts were found in nonsymbiotic tissues such as stems, fully developed flowers, green seed pods, and hypocotyls. A relatively lower level of both transcripts was observed in leaves, roots, and cotyledons. In situ hybridization studies revealed that, in mature nodules, transcripts of both ENOD40 genes accumulate in the nodule vascular system; additionally, in young seed pods strong signal is observed in the ovule, particularly in the phloem and epithelium, as well as in globular stage embryos.

Entyloma ficariae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Plant Remains

Abstract A description is provided for Entyloma ficariae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Ranunculus ficaria and other species of Ranunculus; R. acris, R. auricomus, R. bongardii, R. cassubicus, R. eremogenes, R. macounii, R. montanus, R. multifidus, R. nemorosus, R. occidentalis, R. oreophilus, R. pennsylvanicus, R. polyanthemos, R. repens, R. sardous, R. scleratus, R. septentrionalis; there are occasional records for other Ranunculaceae (Anemone, Thalictrum). DISEASE: Leaf spot or white smut of Ranunculus species. Infected plants often show slightly smaller leaves and fewer flowers than uninfected. Although the smut is not systemic, it is common for almost every leaf of a plant to develop spots and for disease to persist within a small area year after year. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in north temperate regions. Asia: Japan, Turkey, USSR; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USSR; North America: Canada, USA (33: 450 & 634; Vanky, 1985). TRANSMISSION: Ustilospores survive in infected plant remains in soil and germinate, chiefly in spring, to infect the new seasons leaves. Conidia are disseminated by wind and rain and contribute to the spread of disease throughout the growing season.

Corynebacterium betae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Republic Of Ireland ◽  
Red Beet ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Systemic Symptoms ◽  
Leaf Symptoms

Abstract A description is provided for Corynebacterium betae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Beta vulgaris, both red beet and mangold. Rarely seen on sugar beet. DISEASE: Silvering disease of red beet. Systemic symptoms are first seen on a small percentage of plants 6-8 weeks old. One or more leaves show silvering along the veins. The whole leaf becomes affected and cracks may appar in places in the upper epidermis; these expose parts of the tissue beneath and give a roughened appearance to the leaf. Symptoms spread to other leaves and the plant wilts and dies, sometimes in only a few days, sometimes in several weeks. Lesions may develop on the leaves of healthy plants nearby. These may be either silvery spots 1-5 mm diam., with centres often showing cracks, or a silvery and perhaps cracked band at the edge of the leaf. The spores do not appear to spread, but the marginal silvering extends along the veins and becomes systemic, involving the whole leaf and, eventually, to the whole plant. Plants in flower may show silvering of bracts and seed clusters. Petioles, stems and roots show no consistent internal symptoms. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland. TRANSMISSION: In the seed of infected plants. About 1-2% of the young plants (stecklings) arising from such seed show infection a few weeks after sowing. Transmission from plant to plant occurs both within the seedbed and to neighbouring seedbeds up to at least 50 yards downwind. This seems to be mainly in wind blown droplets in the autumn and may be serious if the autumn is wet. Also readily transmitted on knives used to trim the roots of stecklings before planting out. Various insects, larvae and slugs failed to transmit the disease in experiments (Keyworth & Howell, 1961).

Burkholderia solanacearum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Saddler
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Complete Listing ◽  
Latently Infected ◽  
Plant Families

Abstract A description is provided for Burkholderia solanacearum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The host range is one of the widest of all the phytopathogenic bacteria. The most susceptible plant family, in terms of numbers of species affected is the Solanaceae; over fifty other plant families contain susceptible species. The most economically significant hosts are listed here. For a more complete listing see Kelman (1953), Bradbury (1986) and Hayward & Hartman (1994). Arachis hypogaea, Capsicum spp., Gossypium hirsutum, Ipomoea batatus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Manihot esculenta, Musa spp., Nicotiana spp., Solanum melongena, Solanum tuberosum & Zingiber officinale. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt. Infection is systemic, producing a wilt of parts or the whole plant. Vascular system may become discoloured, bacterial ooze can be produced and plants may be stunted and chlorotic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world (see data sheets on quarantine pests). TRANSMISSION: A variety of modes of transmission exist which are host dependant. Infected planting material and true seed is responsible for the spread of bacterial wilt of banana, ginger, groundnut, potato and tomato, whilst transport of latently infected in seedlings (stawberry) and the actions of insect (Moko disease of banana) and weather (tobacco) have all been implicated. For a review see Kelman et al. (1994).

Puccinia tulipae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. Ya. Tykhonenko
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Infected Plant

Abstract A description is provided for Puccinia tulipae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Rust of Tulipa species only. HOSTS: Tulipa alberti, T. biflora, T. graniticola, T. ingens, T. kolpakovskiana, T. lanata, T. micheliana, T. ostrovskiana, T. praestans, T. schrenkii (Liliaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. EUROPE: Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Italy, Russia (Astrakhan, Rostov), Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported; teliospores are presumably dispersed by air currents and then germinate to produce basidia with basidiospores, which re-infect the host plants; the fungus might also survive in bulbs of the infected plant.

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