Fusarium solani. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
As Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cultivated Mushroom ◽  
Facultative Parasite ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
And Storage

Abstract A description is provided for Fusarium solani. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of hosts distributed among 66 families. DISEASE: A facultative parasite associated with wounds and other localized infections on hosts weakened by unfavourable conditions or by injuries from nematodes or infection by viruses or other fungi such as species of Phytophthora, Botryosphaeria, Macrophomina, Pyrenochaeta, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium. Causing damping-off of seedlings of many plants, including the cultivated mushroom (Agaricus); associated with a foot-rot of peas and other legumes, strawberry and sesame; a root rot of bean, red clover and other legumes, onion, cucumber, and citrus and a wilt of chill); a bark canker of swamp tupelo, yellow poplar and maple; and storage rot of apple, potato, kola and yam. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide in soil. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, increasing in incidence in cultivated soil and becoming dominant in partially sterilised soil (30: 365; 42: 298; 29: 55a). A soil inhabitant [see Stover (1962: 82) for comments on this species], viable in soil at depth of 40 cm, and persisting in the absence of the host for at least five years in naturally infected field soil as chlamylospores [Nash (1963); see also 38: 4; 39: 590]. May be spread to peas by rain splash in soil particles following injury from sand storms (33: 63). Also spread in irrigation water (34: 508; 37: 76).

Nectria cinnabarina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Facultative Parasite ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

Abstract A description is provided for Nectria cinnabarina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Many species including Ribes and Robinia. This species occurs on conifers and on a wide range of broad-leaved trees and shrubs. DISEASE: Coral spot fungus. Evidence supports the view that this species is a facultative parasite of considerable importance on blackcurrants (48, 3063); it occurs as the cause of cankers of Robinia (54, 1020) and may attack many other woody plants (55, 655). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: It is very common and widespread in Northern Europe and has frequently been reported from temperate parts of the world, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and also from India and Hong Kong. TRANSMISSION: Because of the slimy nature of the conidia and the fact that they form a hard crust in dry weather, wind is not considered as important as water in their dispersal. Even the ascospores appear to be extruded or discharged only in moist weather (Jorgensen, 1952). Entry is usually through wounds or dead buds (47, 1181; 48, 3063).

Fusarium flocciferum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brayford
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Skin Infections ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Root Tuber ◽  
Cultivated Mushroom

Abstract A description is provided for Fusarium flocciferum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Isolated from soil. Also occurs on the roots of a wide range of plants, including temperate cereals (Hordeum, Triticum), legumes (Lupinus, Pisum, Vicia), cucurbits (Cucumis sativus), and others such as carrot (Daucus carota) and beet (Beta vulgaris); sometimes occurs in association with nematodes. DISEASE: Not regarded as an aggressive pathogen, but in association with nematodes may cause root lesions, damping-off, root, tuber or bulb rots. Reported to cause disorders of cultivated mushroom beds. Occasionally causes skin infections of animals (one IMI record from crocodile's tail). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread but infrequent, apparently more common in temperate regions. Reported from Asia: Bhutan, China, India, Iran, Turkey; Australasia: New Zealand; Europe: Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, Turkey (W), UK; North America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed locally by water flow and splash droplets. Chlamydospores may be transported by movement of soil or infected plant debris. It may also be seed-borne (71, 1568).

Fusarium culmorum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Brown Patch ◽  
Storage Rots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stable Manure ◽  
Unsterilized Soil ◽  
And Storage

Abstract A description is provided for Fusarium culmorum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Gramineae and a wide range of other plant species including the following families: Aizoaceae, Betulaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Coniferae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Musaceae, Palmae, Rosaceae, Saxifragaceae, Solanaceae, Violaceae, Vitaceae. Also on fungi (Agaricus and Ustilago spp.) [Wollenweber & Reinking (1935), Gordon (34: 258; 38: 581; 40: 89) and Herb. IMI]. DISEASES: Causing cortical rots associated with a pre-emergence blight of seedlings, and a seedling blight, foot and root rot, and head blight of wheat, rye, oats and barley; also cob and stem rot of maize; brown patch of turf; foot rot of asparagus, carnation, leek and pea; and storage rots of apple, potato, sugar-beet and Galtonia bulbs. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, North America, Central America & West Indies, South America, Asia, Australasia, and Europe. TRANSMISSION: Mainly soil-borne but also in stable manure or compost containing infected straw (13: 23; 14: 735; 19: 649). Fusarium culmorum is a soil inhabitant possessing highly competitive saprophytic ability and unusual tolerance of antibiotic effects [see Garrett (1956, 1963); Rao (1959); 34: 147; 38: 577)]. It may occur in a viable condition in soil to a depth of 50 cm. (19: 11; 13: 23), and remain viable on wheat straw buried in unsterilized soil for 2 years (38: 509). The pathogen over-winters in both mycelial and conidial stages and is highly resistant to cold (17: 305, 306). Secondary infection by air-borne spores produced on lower nodes occurs in wet weather (3: 201; 7: 710; 9: 585), but these are not carried far and have not been recorded in traps (15: 384; 38: 319).

Sclerotinia fuckeliana. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Diseased Plant ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tropical Areas ◽  
Soft Fruit ◽  
Plant Produce ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Disease Epidemics

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerotinia fuckeliana. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Occurs both as a parasite and a saprophyte on a very wide range of host plants. DISEASE: Causes 'grey mould' or 'botrytis disease', a blight or rot of immature, fleshy or senescent tissues. Lesions develop as tan or brown water soaked areas, which may become greyish on drying out. The profuse grey brown sporulation of the fungus on old diseased tissue is characteristic. Rotting of perishable plant produce at harvest or in store causes large losses; can be particularly severe on soft fruit such as strawberries and grapes and vegetables such as cabbage, lettuce etc. Damping-off and basal leaf and stem rot result in severe damage to lettuce and flax. Blights of buds, blossom, leaves and stems may also occur on a wide range of hosts and the fungus has been implicated in dieback and canker formation on woody plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide, but most prevalent as a disease in humid temperate or sub-tropical areas. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are air-borne, but may be carried on the surface of rain splash droplets (41, 436). Diseased plant parts, on which sporulation is profuse in wet weather, are important sources of inoculum in disease epidemics. The fungus overwinters as sclerotia or as mycelium in old plant debris and may be seedborne as spores or mycelium on e.g. flax (37, 720).

Phoma medicaginis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Kinsey
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Main Host ◽  
Phoma Medicaginis ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Phoma medicaginis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Probably an opportunisitic pathogen and saprobe, while var. macrospora is more strongly pathogenic towards M. sativa. Contributory to causing (spring) black stem of forage legumes (mainly Medicago, possibly also Melilotus and Trifolium), involving seedling blight, stem canker, root rot and leaf spot. It develops as long dark lesions on petioles and stems, later encircling whole stems and spreading to cause crown and foot rot. HOSTS: On leaves, petioles, stems, roots and seeds of possibly a wide range of plants. However, many records require verification. The main host plant is Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), but also recorded on Melilotus and other Papilionaceae, including Arachis, Cicer, Glycine, Lathyrus, Lens, Phaseolus, Pisum, Trifolium, Trigonella, Vicia and Vigna. Non-leguminous host plants include Anacardium, Annona, Beta, Brassica, Chrysanthemum, Curcuma, Cyperus, Fragaria, Juniperus, Lycopersicon, Madhuca, Nicotiana, Phlox, Saccharum, Solanum, Striga, Themeda, Zea and Zinnia. Also reported from soil and indeterminate plant debris and from human scalp. While many records refer only to P. medicaginis s. lat., records for var. macrospora appear to indicate that it occurs more specifically on M. sativa. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Zambia, Zimbabwe. NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA. CENTRAL AMERICA: West Indies. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina. ASIA: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Thailand. AUSTRALASIA: Australia, New Zealand. EUROPE: Denmark, Great Britain, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne on plant debris with infection of new plants by rain splash. Probably also seed-borne if pods become infected.

Phytophthora palmivora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Stamps
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Black Stripe ◽  
Root Rots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora palmivora. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A wide range; 138 species of economic, ornamental, shade and hedge plants were listed (48, 337-344). DISEASE: Black pod and canker of cacao; patch canker, black stripe and leaf fall of Hevea rubber; bud rot of coconut and other palms; fruit and stem rot of pawpaw; root rots and damping-off of seedlings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide in tropical and warm temperature regions with high rainfall. TRANSMISSION: In cacao by direct contact between diseased and healthy pods, by rain splash from diseased pods, leaves and infested soil, and by insect vectors and ant tents. In rubber by rain. Soil as a source of inoculum for pawpaw root rot.

Nectria radicicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Dry Rot ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Root Plate

Abstract A description is provided for Nectria radicicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of hosts, Gymnospermae, Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae, particularly in temperate regions, especially Fragaria vesca, Narcissus, Vitis vinifera. DISEASE: Root rot, dry brown rot, storage rot or dry rot (37: 3); wilt (32: 261); root plate rot of Narcissus (30: 160); black rot of strawberry (28: 180); black spot of grapes (36: 449). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe. Occurs in N. America, East and South Africa, Australia, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: By water, rain splash or in soil; infection generally from soil. Contaminated soil is the principal source of infection in nurseries where the fungus is capable of existing for long periods as a saprophyte or as thick-walled chlamydospores (35: 769). Taylor (36: 449) found the fungus only penetrating grapes when the skin was broken.

Acremonium zonatum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Hawksworth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Windward Islands ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Western Samoa ◽  
Calopogonium Mucunoides ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Acremonium zonatum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Known from leaves of Amaranthus gangeticus, Annona squamosa, Boehmeria nivea, Brillantaisia nitens, Calopogonium mucunoides, Coffea arabica, C. liberica-excelsa, C. robusta, Colocasia esculenta, Coridia dentata, Crotalaria anagyroides, Cucumis sativus, Eichhornia crassipes, Eranthemum nervosum, Erythrina senegalensis, Ficus carcia (var. celeste), Hypoestes verticillaris, Kosteletzkya grantii, Lindackeria bahobensis, Litchi chinensis, Momordica foetida, Morus acidosa, Musa sapientum, Pachira insignia (syn. Bombax sessile), Phaseolus atropurpureus, Plumeria alba, Solanum verbascifolium, Steriospermum bantharum and Vigna sinensis. DISEASE: Causal agent of 'fig zonate spot' and 'zonal leaf spot' of coffee but forming similar zonate leaf spots on a wide range of phanerogams (see above). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropical countries and known from Africa (Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire), Asia (Bangladesh, Brunei, India, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), New Guinea, Taiwan, Western Samoa), West Indies (Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Windward Islands), Central America (Costa Rica), North America (USA, southern Louisiana), and South America (Peru, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Presumably mainly by rain splash but insects crawling over infected leaves could play some part. Old diseased foliage on the ground is probably the primary source of infection (28, 180). Inoculations by spraying spore suspensions and placing cultures on lower leaf surfaces successful (Tims & Olive, 1948).

scholarly journals Recent Insights into Anthocyanin Pigmentation, Synthesis, Trafficking, and Regulatory Mechanisms in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Caryopsis

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enerand Mackon ◽  
Guibeline Charlie Jeazet Dongho Epse Mackon ◽  
Yafei Ma ◽  
Muhammad Haneef Kashif ◽  
Niyaz Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Pigmented Rice ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Natural Colorants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anthocyanin Production ◽  
And Storage

Anthocyanins are antioxidants used as natural colorants and are beneficial to human health. Anthocyanins contribute to reactive oxygen species detoxification and sustain plant growth and development under different environmental stresses. They are phenolic compounds that are broadly distributed in nature and are responsible for a wide range of attractive coloration in many plant organs. Anthocyanins are found in various parts of plants such as flowers, leaves, stems, shoots, and grains. Considering their nutritional and health attributes, anthocyanin-enriched rice or pigmented rice cultivars are a possible alternative to reduce malnutrition around the globe. Anthocyanin biosynthesis and storage in rice are complex processes in which several structural and regulatory genes are involved. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in the molecular and genetic mechanism of anthocyanins, and their synthesis is of great interest to researchers and the scientific community. However, limited studies have reported anthocyanin synthesis, transportation, and environmental conditions that can hinder anthocyanin production in rice. Rice is a staple food around the globe, and further research on anthocyanin in rice warrants more attention. In this review, metabolic and pre-biotic activities, the underlying transportation, and storage mechanisms of anthocyanins in rice are discussed in detail. This review provides potential information for the food industry and clues for rice breeding and genetic engineering of rice.

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