Nectria radicicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Dry Rot ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Root Plate

Abstract A description is provided for Nectria radicicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of hosts, Gymnospermae, Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae, particularly in temperate regions, especially Fragaria vesca, Narcissus, Vitis vinifera. DISEASE: Root rot, dry brown rot, storage rot or dry rot (37: 3); wilt (32: 261); root plate rot of Narcissus (30: 160); black rot of strawberry (28: 180); black spot of grapes (36: 449). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe. Occurs in N. America, East and South Africa, Australia, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: By water, rain splash or in soil; infection generally from soil. Contaminated soil is the principal source of infection in nurseries where the fungus is capable of existing for long periods as a saprophyte or as thick-walled chlamydospores (35: 769). Taylor (36: 449) found the fungus only penetrating grapes when the skin was broken.

Phoma medicaginis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Kinsey
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Main Host ◽  
Phoma Medicaginis ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Phoma medicaginis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Probably an opportunisitic pathogen and saprobe, while var. macrospora is more strongly pathogenic towards M. sativa. Contributory to causing (spring) black stem of forage legumes (mainly Medicago, possibly also Melilotus and Trifolium), involving seedling blight, stem canker, root rot and leaf spot. It develops as long dark lesions on petioles and stems, later encircling whole stems and spreading to cause crown and foot rot. HOSTS: On leaves, petioles, stems, roots and seeds of possibly a wide range of plants. However, many records require verification. The main host plant is Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), but also recorded on Melilotus and other Papilionaceae, including Arachis, Cicer, Glycine, Lathyrus, Lens, Phaseolus, Pisum, Trifolium, Trigonella, Vicia and Vigna. Non-leguminous host plants include Anacardium, Annona, Beta, Brassica, Chrysanthemum, Curcuma, Cyperus, Fragaria, Juniperus, Lycopersicon, Madhuca, Nicotiana, Phlox, Saccharum, Solanum, Striga, Themeda, Zea and Zinnia. Also reported from soil and indeterminate plant debris and from human scalp. While many records refer only to P. medicaginis s. lat., records for var. macrospora appear to indicate that it occurs more specifically on M. sativa. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Zambia, Zimbabwe. NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA. CENTRAL AMERICA: West Indies. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina. ASIA: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Thailand. AUSTRALASIA: Australia, New Zealand. EUROPE: Denmark, Great Britain, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne on plant debris with infection of new plants by rain splash. Probably also seed-borne if pods become infected.

Phytophthora boehmeriae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jean Stamps
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
New South ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Cotton Boll ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Phytophthora Boehmeriae

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora boehmeriae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Boehmeria nizea, citrus, pine,? cotton. DISEASE: Leaf spot of Boehmeria nivea; brown rot of citrus fruit; root rot of pine; tentatively identified as a cause of cotton boll blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Taiwan,? China, Japan); Australia (Queensland, New South Wales); South America (Argentina). (CMI Map 203, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, transmitted to citrus fruits by rain splash (23, 294). Isolated from soil in Eucalyptus plantations but pathogenicity not known (55, 4876).

Phytophthora palmivora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Stamps
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Black Stripe ◽  
Root Rots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora palmivora. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A wide range; 138 species of economic, ornamental, shade and hedge plants were listed (48, 337-344). DISEASE: Black pod and canker of cacao; patch canker, black stripe and leaf fall of Hevea rubber; bud rot of coconut and other palms; fruit and stem rot of pawpaw; root rots and damping-off of seedlings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide in tropical and warm temperature regions with high rainfall. TRANSMISSION: In cacao by direct contact between diseased and healthy pods, by rain splash from diseased pods, leaves and infested soil, and by insect vectors and ant tents. In rubber by rain. Soil as a source of inoculum for pawpaw root rot.

Acremonium zonatum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Hawksworth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Windward Islands ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Western Samoa ◽  
Calopogonium Mucunoides ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Acremonium zonatum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Known from leaves of Amaranthus gangeticus, Annona squamosa, Boehmeria nivea, Brillantaisia nitens, Calopogonium mucunoides, Coffea arabica, C. liberica-excelsa, C. robusta, Colocasia esculenta, Coridia dentata, Crotalaria anagyroides, Cucumis sativus, Eichhornia crassipes, Eranthemum nervosum, Erythrina senegalensis, Ficus carcia (var. celeste), Hypoestes verticillaris, Kosteletzkya grantii, Lindackeria bahobensis, Litchi chinensis, Momordica foetida, Morus acidosa, Musa sapientum, Pachira insignia (syn. Bombax sessile), Phaseolus atropurpureus, Plumeria alba, Solanum verbascifolium, Steriospermum bantharum and Vigna sinensis. DISEASE: Causal agent of 'fig zonate spot' and 'zonal leaf spot' of coffee but forming similar zonate leaf spots on a wide range of phanerogams (see above). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropical countries and known from Africa (Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire), Asia (Bangladesh, Brunei, India, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), New Guinea, Taiwan, Western Samoa), West Indies (Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Windward Islands), Central America (Costa Rica), North America (USA, southern Louisiana), and South America (Peru, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Presumably mainly by rain splash but insects crawling over infected leaves could play some part. Old diseased foliage on the ground is probably the primary source of infection (28, 180). Inoculations by spraying spore suspensions and placing cultures on lower leaf surfaces successful (Tims & Olive, 1948).

Pythium intermedium. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract A description is provided for Pythium intermedium. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of hosts represented by the following families: Begoniaceae, Bromeliaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Coniferae, Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae, Geraniaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Moraceae, Onagraceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Ulmaceae, Violaceae; also in the Equisetales and Filicales. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings, foot rot and root rot of ornamentals, occasionally of crop plants and trees. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China); Australia & Oceania (Hawaii); Europe (England, Belgium, France, Germany, Holland, Sweden, U.S.S.R.); North America (U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: A common soil inhabitant.

Phytophthora megakarya. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Stamps
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Phytophthora Megakarya ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora megakarya. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cacao. DISEASE: Black pod of cacao. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: West Africa including Nigeria. TRANSMISSION: By rain splash from soil (an important source of infection) and diseased pods. By ants (60, 5356).

Epicoccum purpurascens. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
New Records ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Animal Tissue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Twig Blight ◽  
Specific Parasite ◽  
Β Carotene

Abstract A description is provided for Epicoccum purpurascens[Epicoccum nigrum]. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: plurivorous. DISEASE: The species usually occurs as a saprophyte or weak parasite although there are a number of reference to its occurance as a specific parasite. It occurs on a wide range of plants and plant material, human and animal tissue and processed foodstuffs. Generally regarded as a saprophyte or weak parasite but it has been listed as causing leaf spot of cassava (48, 2104), twig blight of Asiatic chestnuts (51, 1193) and because of its reddish-brown pigments (Β-carotene, torularhodin and rhodo-xanthin) it has been referred to as causing 'Red Kernel' disease of sweet corn (54, 2217), Red Blotch of rice (13, 538) and Brown Rot of apple. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Although new records of its distribution are constantly being published its range is probably world-wide wherever vegetation occurs. The CMI has material from all the major regions of the world and collections too numerous to list here. TRANSMISSION: Spores of the species are amongst the commonest components of the air spore (51, 1193) and have been frequently isolated from seeds of rice (53, 135), millet (53, 3004) and cereals in general.

Phytophthora citricola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Malus Pumila ◽  
Cydonia Oblonga ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Basal Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Citricola

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora citricola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Antirrhinum majus, Brachychiton populneum, Ceanothus sp., Citrus spp., Erica hiemalis, Hibiscus spp., Humulus lupulus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Malus pumila, Primula japonica, Rhododendron catawbiense, Ribes grossularia, Rosa sp., Rubus idaeus, Schinus moue and Syringa vulgaris. Also pathogenic on inoculation to: Chamaecyparis sp., Cupressus sp., Cydonia oblonga, Euphorbia resinifera, Lycopersicon esculentum, Malus pumila, Phaseolus vulgaris and Pinus sp. (Waterhouse, 1957; 39: 249; 40: 433; Herb. IMI.) DISEASES: Brown rot of oranges, black root of hops, root rot and cane die-back of raspberry, die-back of rhododendron and basal rot of tomato seedlings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (South Africa); Asia (Formosa), Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Great Britain, Germany, Italy (Sicily)); Central America & West Indies (Antilles); North America (U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Survives as mycelium in host roots and as oospores in soil (45, 3381b). Also intercepted once in Czechoslovakia on oranges imported from Turkey (42: 197).

Phytophthora citrophthora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Citrophthora ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Citrus Groves ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Southern Rhodesia ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Collar And Root Rot

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora citrophthora. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Citrus spp. and many other hosts represented by the following families: Aceraceae, Apocynaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Juglandaceae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Pinaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Sterculiaceae and Ulmaceae. Also pathogenic on inoculation to hosts in the above and following additional families: Fagaceae, Myrtaceae and Oleaceae (10: 98, 569; 17: 253). Some records may be mis-identifications. DISEASES: Causing brown fruit rot, leaf and shoot blight, trunk gummosis, collar and root rot of citrus; trunk and crown canker of apple, pear. peach, plum and other woody Rosaceae, and avocado, honey-locust and walnut; and 'damping-off' of a large variety of nursery seedlings including citrus, tomato and conifers (30: 433). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, Angola, Congo, Egypt, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Northern Rhodesia, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Tunisia); Asia (China,? India, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Malaya, Philippines, Thailand, Turkey); Australasia (Australia, Cook Is., Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand); Europe (Cyprus, France, Italy, Spain); Central America (Cuba, El Salvador, Jamaica, Puerto Rico); North America (Mexico, United States); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay). (CMI Map 35, Ed. 3) TRANSMISSION: Occurs in soil to a depth of 1 m or more (1: 212) and is disseminated by rain splash from soil to low hanging fruit and foliage (20: 300; 31: 604). Also present throughout the year in California in reservoirs and irrigation canals supplying citrus groves (39: 24). The testas of seed from infected citric fruit can carry the pathogen to new seed beds and on transplanting to the nursery. Balled trees from such nurseries constitute an important source of infection on clean land in California (37: 165).

Sclerotinia fuckeliana. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Diseased Plant ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tropical Areas ◽  
Soft Fruit ◽  
Plant Produce ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Disease Epidemics

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerotinia fuckeliana. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Occurs both as a parasite and a saprophyte on a very wide range of host plants. DISEASE: Causes 'grey mould' or 'botrytis disease', a blight or rot of immature, fleshy or senescent tissues. Lesions develop as tan or brown water soaked areas, which may become greyish on drying out. The profuse grey brown sporulation of the fungus on old diseased tissue is characteristic. Rotting of perishable plant produce at harvest or in store causes large losses; can be particularly severe on soft fruit such as strawberries and grapes and vegetables such as cabbage, lettuce etc. Damping-off and basal leaf and stem rot result in severe damage to lettuce and flax. Blights of buds, blossom, leaves and stems may also occur on a wide range of hosts and the fungus has been implicated in dieback and canker formation on woody plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide, but most prevalent as a disease in humid temperate or sub-tropical areas. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are air-borne, but may be carried on the surface of rain splash droplets (41, 436). Diseased plant parts, on which sporulation is profuse in wet weather, are important sources of inoculum in disease epidemics. The fungus overwinters as sclerotia or as mycelium in old plant debris and may be seedborne as spores or mycelium on e.g. flax (37, 720).

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