Phytophthora palmivora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Stamps
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Black Stripe ◽  
Root Rots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora palmivora. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A wide range; 138 species of economic, ornamental, shade and hedge plants were listed (48, 337-344). DISEASE: Black pod and canker of cacao; patch canker, black stripe and leaf fall of Hevea rubber; bud rot of coconut and other palms; fruit and stem rot of pawpaw; root rots and damping-off of seedlings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide in tropical and warm temperature regions with high rainfall. TRANSMISSION: In cacao by direct contact between diseased and healthy pods, by rain splash from diseased pods, leaves and infested soil, and by insect vectors and ant tents. In rubber by rain. Soil as a source of inoculum for pawpaw root rot.

Pythium intermedium. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract A description is provided for Pythium intermedium. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of hosts represented by the following families: Begoniaceae, Bromeliaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Coniferae, Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae, Geraniaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Moraceae, Onagraceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Ulmaceae, Violaceae; also in the Equisetales and Filicales. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings, foot rot and root rot of ornamentals, occasionally of crop plants and trees. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China); Australia & Oceania (Hawaii); Europe (England, Belgium, France, Germany, Holland, Sweden, U.S.S.R.); North America (U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: A common soil inhabitant.

Phytophthora cryptogea. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jean Stamps
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Phytophthora Cryptogea ◽  
Root Rots ◽  
Pink Rot ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tulip Bulbs ◽  
Leaf Rot

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora cryptogea. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of glasshouse and field crops. Tomato, ornamentals (including petunia, aster, chrysanthemum, Tagetes, tulip, wallflower, Gerbera, gloxinia, Matthiola, Papaver, cineraria, dahlia, Gypsophila, Hebe, Rhododendron, Osteospermum, zinnia), potato, chicory, spinach, bean, onion, cucurbits, eggplant, hop, sunflower, safflower, lucerne, Cupressus, Chamaecyparis, chestnut and others. DISEASE: Damping-off and foot rot of tomato; foot rots of aster, Matthiola and Gerbera; black neck of chrysanthemum; tulip shanking; corm, stem and leaf rot of gloxinia; crown rot of Iceland poppy; pink rot of potato; sunflower stem rot; chestnut wilt; damping-off, root rots and wilts of many other hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Irish Republic, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands); Africa (Egypt, Rhodesia); Asia (Iran); Australia; New Zealand; N. America (Canada, USA). (CMI Map 99, ed. 4, 1976). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, persisting for several years (6, 669). Tulip bulbs were invaded from the soil (18, 183). Movement of zoospores was studied (56, 1029). Isolates were obtained from glasshouse water supplies (1, 94). There was a high frequency of recovery on baiting irrigation water in Victoria (57, 2174).

Aphanomyces cladogamus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Spinacea Oleracea ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Viola Tricolor

Abstract A description is provided for Aphanomyces cladogamus. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Capsicum sp., Lactuca saliva, Linum sp., Lycopersicon esculenteum, Raphanus sativus, Solanum melongena, Spinacea oleracea, Viola tricolor. DISEASE: Root rot of pepper, spinach, pansy, tomato and several other crop and garden plants. The fungus, a facultatively necrotrophic plant pathogen, attacks seeds (pre-emergence disease) and/or seedlings (post-emergence damping off). Affected plants develop a generalized wilt which becomes progressively more severe. In pepper, seeds are attacked and black lesions develop on hypocotyls of the surviving seedlings, often extending to the bases of the cotyledons (32, 360). In spinach, roots become covered in yellow to orange spots their tissues becoming soft and water-soaked. In pansies, the vascular cylinder develops a deep orange-reddish discoloration in which, in the early stages of infection, numerous oospores can be seen. Stem bases become extensively rotted and eventually the aerial organs collapse and shrivel (13, 379; 34, 370). In tomato plants, rootlet tips become discoloured and die back (6, 517). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe: Sweden. North America: Canada (Ontario), USA (MD, NC, NJ, VA, WA, WI). See CMI Distribution Maps of Plants Diseases 601. TRANSMISSION: Not reported. Presumably by zoospores and oogonia remaining in infected tissues. As the fungus appears to infect a wide range of plants, it may persist in the roots of weeds.

Phoma medicaginis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Kinsey
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Main Host ◽  
Phoma Medicaginis ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Phoma medicaginis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Probably an opportunisitic pathogen and saprobe, while var. macrospora is more strongly pathogenic towards M. sativa. Contributory to causing (spring) black stem of forage legumes (mainly Medicago, possibly also Melilotus and Trifolium), involving seedling blight, stem canker, root rot and leaf spot. It develops as long dark lesions on petioles and stems, later encircling whole stems and spreading to cause crown and foot rot. HOSTS: On leaves, petioles, stems, roots and seeds of possibly a wide range of plants. However, many records require verification. The main host plant is Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), but also recorded on Melilotus and other Papilionaceae, including Arachis, Cicer, Glycine, Lathyrus, Lens, Phaseolus, Pisum, Trifolium, Trigonella, Vicia and Vigna. Non-leguminous host plants include Anacardium, Annona, Beta, Brassica, Chrysanthemum, Curcuma, Cyperus, Fragaria, Juniperus, Lycopersicon, Madhuca, Nicotiana, Phlox, Saccharum, Solanum, Striga, Themeda, Zea and Zinnia. Also reported from soil and indeterminate plant debris and from human scalp. While many records refer only to P. medicaginis s. lat., records for var. macrospora appear to indicate that it occurs more specifically on M. sativa. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Zambia, Zimbabwe. NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA. CENTRAL AMERICA: West Indies. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina. ASIA: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Thailand. AUSTRALASIA: Australia, New Zealand. EUROPE: Denmark, Great Britain, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne on plant debris with infection of new plants by rain splash. Probably also seed-borne if pods become infected.

Phytophthora drechsleri. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jean Stamps
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Root Rots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Weed Hosts ◽  
Phytophthora Drechsleri ◽  
Tuber Rot

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora drechsleri. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A wide range including potato, tomato, lucerne, members of the Cucurbitaceae, safflower, ornamentals and trees. DISEASE: Tuber rot of potato, various root rots, damping-off, soft rots, bark canker of Albizzia. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt, Madagascar, Zimbabwe), Asia (Iran, Japan, Lebanon, Malaysia), Australasia (Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea), Europe (France, Greece, UK), North America (Canada, Mexico, USA), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia) (CMI Map 281, ed. 3, 1979). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, affected by irrigation (47, 592). Survival of the safflower pathogen on weed hosts (53, 1907).

Nectria radicicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Dry Rot ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Root Plate

Abstract A description is provided for Nectria radicicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of hosts, Gymnospermae, Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae, particularly in temperate regions, especially Fragaria vesca, Narcissus, Vitis vinifera. DISEASE: Root rot, dry brown rot, storage rot or dry rot (37: 3); wilt (32: 261); root plate rot of Narcissus (30: 160); black rot of strawberry (28: 180); black spot of grapes (36: 449). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe. Occurs in N. America, East and South Africa, Australia, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: By water, rain splash or in soil; infection generally from soil. Contaminated soil is the principal source of infection in nurseries where the fungus is capable of existing for long periods as a saprophyte or as thick-walled chlamydospores (35: 769). Taylor (36: 449) found the fungus only penetrating grapes when the skin was broken.

scholarly journals First Report of Phytophthora megasperma and Pythium irregulare As Olive Tree Root Pathogens

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. 1216-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Sánchez-Hernández ◽  
A. Ruiz-Dávila ◽  
A. Trapero-Casas
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
The United States ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Phytophthora Megasperma ◽  
Root Rots ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Root Pathogens ◽  
Root Necrosis ◽  
Olive Trees

Several species of the genus Phytophthora are associated with root rot and trunk cankers in olive trees (Olea europaea L.). Among them, Phytophthora megasperma has been cited as being associated with olive root rots in Greece (1). Unidentified species of Pythium and Phytophthora have also been associated with olive tree root rots in the United States. However, the status of P. megasperma and Pythium spp. as olive tree root pathogens has remained unclear. Following a 5-year period of severe drought in southern Spain, autumn-winter rainfall rates in 1996 to 1997 steadily increased in both quantity and frequency. Under these unusually wet conditions, olive trees remained waterlogged for several months. During this period, we observed foliar wilting, dieback, and death of young trees, and later found extensive root necrosis. In 46 of 49 affected plantations surveyed, P. megasperma was consistently isolated from the rotted rootlets, particularly in young (<1- to 10-year-old trees) plantations. This fungus was not detected on plant material affected by damping-off from several Spanish olive tree nurseries. The opposite situation occurred with P. irregulare. This species was not associated with rotted rootlets in the field. In contrast, it was consistently isolated from necrotic rootlets from young olive plants affected by damping-off. These plants were grown in a sand-lime-peat soil mixture under greenhouse conditions and showed foliar wilting and extensive necrosis of the root systems. Pathogenicity tests were conducted with several isolates of P. megasperma and P. irregulare on 6-month-old rooted cuttings of olive, under both weekly watering and waterlogged conditions. Under waterlogged conditions, both fungal species produced extensive root necrosis 2 weeks after inoculation that resulted in wilting of the aerial parts and rapid plant death. Waterlogged control plants remained without foliar symptoms but a low degree of root necrosis was recorded. In addition, under weekly watering conditions, plants inoculated with either species showed some degree of root rot but foliar symptoms were not evident. No differences in pathogenicity were observed within the Phytophthora or Pythium isolates. Reference: (1) H. Kouyeas and A. Chitzanidis. Ann. Inst. Phytopathol. Benaki 8:175, 1968.

Pythium aphanidermatum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Pythium Aphanidermatum ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Annotated List ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

Abstract A description is provided for Pythium aphanidermatum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of hosts, often similar to those attacked by P. butleri, but inducing different symptoms, represented in the following families: Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Araceae, Basellaceae, Bromeliaceae, Cactaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Coniferae, Convolvulaceae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Passifloraceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Umbelliferae, Violaceae, Vitaceae, Zingiberaceae. DISEASES: Damping-off of various seedlings; 'cottony-leak' of cucurbit fruit in storage; 'cottony blight' of turf grasses; root and stalk rot of maize. Other hosts: tobacco, sugar-beet, sugar-cane, papaw, pineapple, ginger, bean and cotton. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Central African Republic, Fernando, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Sudan, Togo, Zambia); Asia (Ceylon, China, Formosa, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Java, Malaya, Philippines, Sumatra); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, New Caledonia); North America (Canada, Mexico); Central America & West Indies (Antilles, Jamaica, Puerto Rico); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela); Europe Austria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, Greece, Holland, Italy, Poland, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia). (CMI Map 309) TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Eggplant fruit become infected when blossom end is in contact with soil (5: 465). Readily isolated from soil using fresh potato cubes treated with streptomycin and pimaricin as baits (43, 1519; 43, 46) or seedling papaw roots in soil containing papaw tissue (43, 1720). Also recorded as seed-borne on tomato and cucurbits but doubtful whether seed-transmitted (see Noble et al., An Annotated List of Seed-Borne Diseases, 1958, pp. 23, 25, 124).

Phytophthora megakarya. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Stamps
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Phytophthora Megakarya ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora megakarya. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cacao. DISEASE: Black pod of cacao. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: West Africa including Nigeria. TRANSMISSION: By rain splash from soil (an important source of infection) and diseased pods. By ants (60, 5356).

Calonectria scoparia. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Crous
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Araucaria Heterophylla ◽  
Splash Dispersal ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Stem Cankers

Abstract A description is provided for Calonectria scoparia. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Acacia spp. (68, 1566), Araucaria heterophylla, Eucalyptus spp., Fragaria sp., Luma sp., Medicago sativa, M. truncatula, Persea americana, Pinus spp., Pisum sativum, Rhododendron spp., Prunus sp., Syncarpia gummifera. DISEASE: Damping off, root rot, cutting rot, stem cankers, leaf spotting, seedling and shoot blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Brazil, India, Kenya, Mauritius, South Africa. TRANSMISSION: Wind and splash dispersal.

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